Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Endergonic vs exergonic

A

Endergonic takes place slowly
Exergonic takes place quickly

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2
Q

Positive delta G

A

Endergonic

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3
Q

Negative delta G

A

Exergonic

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4
Q

Rate of reaction is

A

Activation energy, NOT delta G

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5
Q

Delta G biochemical conditions

A

1 M reactants
1 M products
pH= 7.0
H2O = 55.5 M
298k
1 atm pressure

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6
Q

What is R

A

1.98 cal/mol
8.31 J/mol

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7
Q

1 mM equals

A

10^-3 M

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8
Q

Delta G for ATP to ADP

A

-7.3

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9
Q

How man negative charges in ATP

A

3.5

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10
Q

How many negative charges in ADP

A

2.5

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11
Q

Delta G ATP to AMP

A

-10.9

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12
Q

Which is more energetically favorable, ATP to ADP or ATP to AMP

A

ATP to AMP

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13
Q

When do we do ATP to AMP

A

Not often because it produces more energy than needed, 15.5

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14
Q

What happens when you couple an unfavorable reaction to ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP transfers phosphate to enzyme, leads to conformational change

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15
Q

Equilibrium equation

A

Delta G= -RTlnKeq

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16
Q

Near equilibrium equation

A

Delta =delta G + RTln [products]/[reactants]

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17
Q

Delta G + proceeds if

A

Products are very low or substrates are very high

18
Q

How do you know what has a higher potential energy

A

More bonds=higher potential energy

19
Q

In fed state (glycolysis), what increases

A

G6P

20
Q

In fasted (gluneogenesis), what increases

A

G1P

21
Q

What can be used isntead of ATP

A

nucleotriphosphates

22
Q

Why don’t we used nucleotriphosphates instead of ATP

A

because it has an adenine and it looks different from guanine, cytosine
The enzymes don’t recognize it

23
Q

High energy phosphate bonds

A

1,3 biphosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate
creatinine phosphate
acetyl coa

24
Q

60% of energy from energy transfer is released in

A

heat

25
Q

Shivering thermogenesis

A

asynchronous muscle contractions increase ATP consumptions

26
Q

Brown fat non-shivering thermogenesis

A

Uncouple flow of protons across inner mitochondrial membrane

27
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Increases permeability of membrane for Na+, lose Na+ gradient
increases expression of Na+/K+ ATPase to regenerate gradient

28
Q

Two types of consumption in mitochondria

A

Coupled to ATP synthase
uncoupled by protein leak

29
Q

What happens in coupled to ATP synthase reaction

A

protein synthesis
Na+/K+ ATPase
Ca 2+ ATPase
Gluconeogenesis
Urea synthesis
Myosin ATPase

30
Q

Organs that use the most energy per gram of tissue

A

Kidneys, heart, brain, liver

31
Q

What happens if there’s an increase in Na+ and Ca2+ in cells

A

It causes cellular swelling because of no gradient, lower pH (more acidic)
Necrotic cell death

32
Q

Structure of ATP

A

3 phosphates, one adenine connected to ribose

33
Q

If keq=1

A

Delta G= 0

34
Q

If keq>1

A

Delta G<0

35
Q

If Keq<1

A

Delta G >0

36
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

G=H - TS

37
Q

What is H in gibbs free energy

A

Enthalpy, major contributor to G

38
Q

Most of mitochondrial oxygen consumption is

A

Coupled to ATP synthesis

39
Q

Small amount of mitochondrial oxygen consumption is

A

Uncoupled by proton leak

40
Q
A