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Metabolism and exam review Flashcards

1
Q

What do burns cause

A

Hypercatabolic state

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2
Q

how do burns affect nitrogen balance

A

Causes it to go into negative nitrogen balance

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3
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Phenylaline, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, lycine

Cysteine, arginine, tyrosine

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4
Q

Positive hydropathy index

A

Hydrophobic

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5
Q

Negative hydropathy index

A

Hydrophilic

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6
Q

What group of amino acids is hydrophobic

A

Nonpolar

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7
Q

What is the a-helix breaker

A

proline

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8
Q

Diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrom

A

Hypertension
Low HDL
High triglycerides
Large waistline
High fasting glucose

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9
Q

HbA1c of prediabetes

A

5.7% to 6.4%

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10
Q

Cachexia

A

Muscle wasting due to chronic disease

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11
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Muscle is replaced with fat due to aging

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12
Q

pH equation

A

pH=pka+log[A-]/[HA-]

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13
Q

how many hydrogen bonds for each O

A

2

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14
Q

How many hydrogen bonds for each H

A

1

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15
Q

Does kwashiorkor or marasmus cause skin changes

A

Kwashiorkor

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16
Q

Both marasmus and kwarshiorkor cause

A

Loss of enterocytes
Anemia
Growth failure/wasting

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17
Q

Which symptoms are ONLY in kwashiorkor

A

Edema
Hair, skin changes (dermatosis)
Fatty infiltration of liver
metal changes
loss of serum albumin

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18
Q

Respiratory quotient of lipids

A

0.7

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19
Q

Respiratory quotient of proteins

A

0.8

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20
Q

Respiratory quotient of carbs

A

1.0

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21
Q

Kcal/gram protein

A

4

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22
Q

What does MUAC test

A

muscle loss and calorie inadequacy

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23
Q

kcal/gram carbs

A

4

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24
Q

kcal/grams fats

A

9

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25
Q

kcal/grams alcohol

A

7

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26
Q

What percent of weight loss is required for diabetes

A

7%

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27
Q

How does hypercatabolic syndrome affect catabolic processes

A

Increases circulating catabolic hormones and inflammatory cytokines

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28
Q

How does hypercatabolic syndrome affect anabolic processes

A

Decreases (anabolism is building up smaller molecules into bigger ones)

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29
Q

How does hypercatabolic syndrome affect insulin

A

Causes resistance

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30
Q

What patients are most likely to be in hypercatabolic state

A

Cancer patients

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31
Q

How does hypercatabolism affect autophagy

A

Increases autophagy (degradation of cytoplasmic materials) which increases apoptosis and endogenous fuel

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32
Q

How does hypercatabolism affect thermogenesis

A

Decreases

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33
Q

The decreased anabolism in hypercatabolism causes what

A

insulin resistance

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34
Q

Biggest metabolic consequence of HS

A

Breakdown of skeletal and cardiac muscle which releases amino acids

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35
Q

Peptide bonds are from

A

Amides

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36
Q

What bonds change in oxidation reaction

A

Loss of bond to H
Gain of bond to O

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37
Q

Bonds in reduction reaction

A

Loss of bond to O
Gain of bond to H

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38
Q

Sedentary HAF

A

1.2

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39
Q

Lightly active HAF

A

1.375

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40
Q

DEE equation

A

BMR*(HAF * hours)/24

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41
Q

Where does visceral fat accumulate

A

Around waist (apple)

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42
Q

Where does subcutaneous fat accumulate

A

Lower body (pear)

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43
Q

Normal BMI range

A

18.5-24.9

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44
Q

Percent of carb calories

A

45% to 65%

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45
Q

Percent of fat calories

A

20-35% (10% for saturated)

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46
Q

Percent of protein calories

A

10-35%

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47
Q

how man g/kg of protein intake is healthy

A

0.8

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48
Q

How many carbons does glutamine have before the amide

A

2

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49
Q

How many carbons does the asparagine have before the amide

A

1

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50
Q

An increase in glucagon causes an increase in what enzyme

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

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51
Q

Low insulin levels will cause in an increase in what

A

B-hydroxybutyrate (ketone body)

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52
Q

Function of pancreatic lipase

A

Intestinal absorption of lipids

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53
Q

in the first 12 hours of fast, what process is the liver using

A

Glycogenolysis

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54
Q

After 12 hours of fast, what process it the liver using

A

Gluconeogenesis

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55
Q

vitamin K

A

Phylloquinone, menolloquinone

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56
Q

3 D’s of pellagra

A

Diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis

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57
Q

What two vitamins cause macrocytic anemia

A

B9 and B12

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58
Q

Which vitamin is only found in animal products

A

B12

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59
Q

What does hyperventilation cause

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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60
Q

Co2 level of respiratory alkalosis

A

Low CO2, high pH

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61
Q

What does hypoventilation cause

A

Respiratory acidosis

62
Q

CO2 level of respiratory acidosis

A

High CO2, low pH

63
Q

What does cardiac arrest cause

A

Metabolic acidosis

64
Q

HCO3- level in metabolic acidosis

A

Low HCO3-, low pH

65
Q

HCO3- level in metabolic alkalosis

A

High HCO3-, high pH

66
Q

How do you find the optimal pH of a buffering solution given the pKa

A

add or subtract 1

67
Q

Branched chain amino acids

A

Valine, leucine, isoleucine

68
Q

If the pH < pKa, what form will it be in

A

Protonated

69
Q

If the pH>pKa, what form will it be in

A

Deprotonated

70
Q

What amino acid would not be found in an alpha helix

71
Q

Linoleic acid is what

A

Fatty acid

72
Q

Hormone sensitive lipas is activated by ____ and inhibited by ____

A

Glucagon, insulin

73
Q

Higher glucagon causes an ____ in hormone sensitive lipase

74
Q

What are the 3 D’s of pellagra (vitamin B3)

A

Diarrhea, demementia, dermatitis

75
Q

What does it mean if pH=pKa of acid

A

The concentration of acid to base is 1:1

76
Q

pKa value for amines

77
Q

pKa value for carboxylic group

78
Q

mM

79
Q

nM

80
Q

pM

81
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Combines O and OH to make H2O in final product

Reversible!

82
Q

What does a keto diet include

A

High fat, low carb

83
Q

In marasmus what state is the body in

A

starved state

84
Q

in kwashiorkor what state is the body in

85
Q

What mineral do we need to intake because our body doesn’t have storage for it

86
Q

zinc deficiency symptoms

A

hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation

87
Q

Insulin simulated pathways

A

Glycogenesis: Glucose –> glycogen
Glycolysis: Glucose–> acetyl coA–> TG
Glucose –> TG (adipose)
FA –> TG (adipose)
Glucose –> Glycogen (muscle)
Glucose –> acetyl coA

88
Q

What 3 things combine to make glucose in the fasted state

A

Lactate, glycerol, amino acids

89
Q

How does lipolysis happen in fasted state

A

TG from adipose breaks down to FA which becomes either acetyl-coA in muscle or goes into liver

90
Q

What is acidity of stomach

91
Q

What is acidity of intestine

92
Q

Isozymes

A

allow cells to respond in different ways to the same hormone

93
Q

how are a-helices formed

A

hydrogen bond between O of carbonyl to N of amide

94
Q

During fasting state, what supplies muscle tissue

95
Q

When will 90% of an ionizable species be protonated (+ or 0 charge)

A

When pH of the solution is 1 unit higher than the pKa

96
Q

Backbone of two peptide bonds

A

Ca–C–N–Ca–C–n

97
Q

Which side chain most commonly makes covalent bonds

A

Sulfydryl groups (SH)

98
Q

Ester

A

C and O joined by double bond O

99
Q

Ether

A

O in the middle (C-O-C)

100
Q

All vitamin Bs

A

Tania - Thiamin
Rowan - Riboflavin
Now - Niacin
Practicing - Pantothenic acid
Physician - pyridoxine
Because - Biotin
Father - Folic acid
Cheered - Cobalamin

101
Q

What makes water resist temperature changes

A

High heat capacity: requires more heat to change it 1 degree

102
Q

Decrease in proton conentration in muscle is caused by

A

Lactic acidosis

103
Q

What treats lactic acidosis

A

Hyperventilation

104
Q

What acid comes from methionin

A

Sulfuric acid, decreases pH

105
Q

What causes a negative nitrogen balance

A

Lack of essential amino acid

106
Q

What makes water a cell solvent

A

Hydrogen bond formed between water and other molecules

107
Q

What is a heat shock protein

A

It can fold into it’s conformation without another protein but THAT protein can only fold with the heat shock protein present.

108
Q

What is another name for s-hydroxyhexanoic acid

A

s-hydroxyhexanoate

109
Q

When will 90% of the ionizable groups be deprotonated (- charge)?

A

When pH is one unit lower than pKa

110
Q

Diabetes is a leading cause of adult onset

111
Q

Diabetes is responsible for what major surgery

A

50% of non traumatic amputations

112
Q

Cardiovascular mortality rate for diabetes is ___ fold greater than normal

113
Q

What are macrovascular complications

A

heart failure, strokes, heart attacks

114
Q

What are microvascular complications

A

Neuropathy, blindness, renal failure

115
Q

Structure of hemoglobin A

A

2 alpha chains
2 beta chains

116
Q

Amador rearrangement

A

When blood sugar binds to A1C through non enzymatic linkage
It is irreversible

117
Q

Why does HbA1C correlate to glucose levels over 2-3 months

A

Because that is the life span of an RBC

118
Q

Where is HbA1c glycated

A

N-terminal of beta chain

119
Q

What are the long term complications of diabetes

A

microvascular

120
Q

Quality control method of measuring HbA1c

A

National glycohemoglobin standardization prorgam (NGSP)

121
Q

Other methods for measuring hbA1c

A

High performance liquid chromatography
immunoassay
capillary electrophoresis
Borate affinity chromatography

122
Q

What state does the patient have to be for an HbA1c test?

A

NOT fasted since it’s a 3 month average, not a one time average

123
Q

What is considered good control of HbA1c

A

Less than 7%

124
Q

Arginine has what group

A

Guanidinium

125
Q

letter code for aspartate

126
Q

Letter code for glutamate

127
Q

Histidine has an ____ ring

128
Q

Letter code for lysine

129
Q

Letter code of glutaminie

130
Q

Letter code for asparagine

131
Q

Letter code for tryptophan

132
Q

What forms rigid planes

A

C and N of peptide bonds

133
Q

Bohr affect

A

Lower pH= lower affinity for O2 in hemoglobin
Higher pH= Higher affinity for O2 in hemglobin

134
Q

Strongest covalent bonds

135
Q

Respiratory acidosis HCO3-

A

Increases (CO2 increases)

136
Q

Respiratory alkalosis HCO3-

A

Decreases (CO2 decreases)

137
Q

What are the conditionally essential amino acids

A

Cysteine
Arginine
Tyrosine

138
Q

AL

A

Plasma cells in bone marrow
Kidney, heart, liver GI tract, nervous system

139
Q

AA

A

Circulating inflammatory proteins
Kidneys, liver

140
Q

ATTR

A

Mutant and wild-type protein produced in liver
Nervous system, heart, kidneys

141
Q

Localized amyloidosis

A

Plasma cells in local tissues
bladder, skin, airways

142
Q

symptoms of amyloidosis are

A

Vague, non specifc

143
Q

Kidney amyloidosis

A

Massive amount of protein in the urine

144
Q

What staining is used for amyloidosis

A

Congo red staining

145
Q

Heart amyloidosis

A

Stiffened or thickened heart

146
Q

Hepatic amyloidosis

A

Enlarged liver

147
Q

Nerve amyloidosis

A

numbness in fingers, carpal tunnel

148
Q

Technique in typing amyloidosis

A

Mass spectrometry (LMD-MS)

149
Q

Treatments for amyloidosis

A

Chemotherapy (remove amyloids)
Drug therapy (stabilizes amyloidosis)
Organ transplantation

150
Q

LPL

A

Converts chylomicrons to fatty acids
Less LPL=Less uptake of fatty acids

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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