Ovulation disorders Flashcards

1
Q

oligomenorrhagia definition

A

<9 period in a year

either irregular or regular and infrequent

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2
Q

menorrhagia definition

A

prolonged and increased menstrual flow

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3
Q

metrorrhagia definition

A

regular intermenstrual bleeding

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4
Q

polymenorrhagia definition

A

cycles <21 days (hence more in a year = poly)

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5
Q

menometrorrhagia definition

A

prolonged menstruation and intermenstrual bleeding

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6
Q

amenorrhoea definition

A

absence of menstruation >6 months

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7
Q

what is it called when there is no pathological cause found for menorrhagia

how is it diagnosed

A

dysfunction uterine bleeding

diagnosis of exclusion

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8
Q

aetiology of menorrhagia (6)

A
dysfunctional uterine bleeding - no pathological cause 
fibroids 
endocervical polyps 
PID 
endometriosis 
trauma 
loads of things...
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9
Q

investigations for menorrhagia (3)

A

transvaginal US
FBC
pregnancy test

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10
Q

first line treatment for menorrhagia

A

mirena coil

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11
Q

second line treatment for menorrhagia

A

mefenamic acid (NSAI= decrease blood flow) AND tranexamic acid (antifibrinolytic = increase blood clotting)

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12
Q

third line treatment for menorrhagia (after mirena coil and mefenamic acid and tranexamic acid)

A

progesterone

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13
Q

last line treatment for menorrhagia (after all medications)

A

surgery - endometrial ablation/resection or hysterectomy

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14
Q

definition of primary amenorrhoea

A

a female >16yo that’s never had a period

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15
Q

definition of secondary amenorrhoea

A

a female with cessation of periods for >6 months but previous menstruation

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16
Q

first line investigation in amenorrhoea

A

pregnancy test!

17
Q

common physiological cause of amenorrhoea

A

menopause

18
Q

causes of primary amenorrhoea

A

congential - turners syndrome, kallmans syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia
anatomical - imperforate hymen

19
Q

causes of secondary amenorrhoea (2 categories, 3 in each)

A

primary hypogonadism - PCOS, POF, uterine adhesions

secondary hypogonadism - hyperprolactinaemia (drugs), hypopituitarism (pituitary tumour), hypothalamic dysfunction

20
Q

difference between primary and secondary hypogonadism as causes of secondary amenorrhoea

A

primary hypogonadism - problem in ovaries

secondary hypogonadism - problem higher up than ovaries eg hypothalamus/pituitary

21
Q

causes of hypothalamic dysfunction that cause secondary amenorrhoea

A

weight loss
over exercise
low BMI
stress

22
Q

most common cause of secondary amenorrhoea

A

PCOS

23
Q

primary amenorrhoea with anosmia

A

kallmans

anosmia = loss of smell

24
Q

secondary amenorrhoea with hirsutism and acne

A

PCOS

25
Q

cause of amenorrhoea with hypopituitarism

A

drugs (causing hypopituitarism)

26
Q

investigations for amenorrhoea (3)

A

pregnancy test (hCG)
LH, FSH and oestrogen - then progesterone challenge to confirm
TVUS - biopsy if abnormal

27
Q

high LH, FSH and low oestrogen

what type; hyper/hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

examples

A

primary hypogonadism causing amenorrhoea - problem is in the ovaries bc FSH and LH are high (theyre working fine)

hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism

eg PCOS, POF

28
Q

low LH, FSH and oestrogen

what type; hyper/hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

examples

A

secondary hypogonadism causing amenorrhoea
problem is higher up than the ovaries, bc pituitary is not responding to low oestrogen (LH and FSH would be high if it was)

hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

eg hyperprolactinaemia, hypopituitarism

29
Q

what is the progesterone challenge

what is the result in primary hypogonadism

what is the result in secondary hypogonadism (problem higher up)

A

give progesterone for 5 days to see if bleed

if no bleed = ovaries aren’t fine = primary hypogonadism

if bleed = ovaries are fine = problem is further up = secondary hypogonadism

30
Q

what hormone is primarily lacking in kallmans syndrome

A

GnRH = hypopituitarism = hypogonadism

31
Q

turners genotype

A

XO

32
Q

presentation of turners (XO) (6)

A
horseshoe kidney
short stature 
webbed neck 
wide spaced nipples 
amenorrhoea 
infertility