Cervix Flashcards
what is a cervical ectropion
physiological (normal) erosion of cervical erosion
what is the most common cancer in women <35
cervical cancer
how often do you get cervical smears aged 25-49
every 3 years
how often do you get cervical smears aged 50-65
every 5 years
where do you take sample cells from in cervical screening
transitional zone of cervix
which types of HPV causes genital warts
is it high or low risk
HPV 6 and 11
low risk
which types of HPV cause cervical cancer/CIN
is it high or low risk
HPV 16 and 18
high risk
why is screening still essential in those who have had HPV immunization
HPV immunization only protects against 70% of cervical cancers (HPV 16 and 18)
why does increased sexual activity increase risk of cervical cancer
NOT an STI
more likely to get changes in the transitional zone
risk factors for cervical cancer
smoking
increased sexual activity
does being infected by HPV 16/18 mean you will get cervical cancer
no, just increases your risk
what happens to tumour suppressor genes once you are infected with HPV 16/18
tumour suppressor genes are inhibited = allows tumour to grow
what does ANY HPV infection present with on cytology
koilocytosis - ie cant tell the difference between cervical cancer or genital wart
what happens to the squmocolumnar junction over time, what does this create
squamocolumnar junction moves over time
the zone between the old squamocolumnar junction and the new squamocolumnar junction = TRANSITION ZONE
clinical significance of the transition zone
susceptible to HPV infection
abnormally big nuclei
pleomorphism
viral inclusion bodies (in clusters)
koilocytosis
what is CIN
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
intraepithelial = squamous cell carcinoma in situ
how much epithelium is involved in;
CIN 1
CIN 2
CIN 3
CIN 1 - bottom 1/3 of epithelium
CIN 2 - bottom 2/3 of epithelium
CIN 3 - full epithelial thickness
does CIN 3 always cause cancer
no
but all cervical cancer comes from CIN 3
if CIN1/2/3 doesn’t progress to cervical cancer, what happens
clear the virus and epithelium will go back to normal
difference between CIN 3 and squamous cell carcinoma of cervix
squamous cell carcinoma = cells have broken through basement membrane
how do you measure grading of tumour
differentiation - well, moderately, poorly
well differentiated definition
looks similar to original epithelium
poorly differentiated definition
looks nothing like original epithelium
