ANATOMY Flashcards
1
Q
which bones make up the pelvic inlet (4)
A
pubic symphysis
superior pubis ramus
ilium
sacral promotory (S1)
2
Q
what shape is the pelvic inlet in males
what type of pelvis does this create
A
heart shaped
android
3
Q
what shape is the pelvic inlet in females
A
oval shaped
better for childbirth - happened through natural selection
though now more android bc of modern medicine (c section etc)
4
Q
which bones make up the pelvic outlet (5)
A
pubic symphysis ischiopubis ramus ischial tuberosity sacrospinous ligaments (from ischial spines) coccyx
5
Q
what is the space between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet called
A
pelvic cavity
6
Q
which muscle is just above the pelvic outlet
A
levaotr ani
7
Q
what is the area below the pelvic outlet called
A
perineum
8
Q
what is the area above the pelvic inlet called
A
false pelvis (bc not pelvic cavity, actually abdo cavity)
9
Q
what are the 3 parts of the innominate bones of the pelvis
A
ilium
ischium
pubis
10
Q
which of ilium, ischium and pubis is most superior
A
ilium
11
Q
where is the iliac crest between (which 2 landmarks)
A
between ASIS and PSIS
12
Q
at which vertebral level is the iliac crest
A
L4
13
Q
at which vertebral level is the PSIS
A
S2
14
Q
which 2 bony prominences does the inguinal ligament attach between
A
ASIS and pubic tubercle
15
Q
is the iliac fossa on the anterior or posterior surface of the ilium
A
anterior
16
Q
which muscle originates in the iliac fossa
A
iliacus muscle
17
Q
what is the posterior surface of the ilium called
which muscles attach here
A
gluteal surface
gluteal muscles
18
Q
is the sacroiliac joint strong or weak
A
strong
19
Q
what are the 2 attachments of the sacrospinous ligaments
A
sacrum and ischial spine
20
Q
what are the 2 attachments of the sacrotuberous ligaments
A
sacrum and ischial tuberosity
21
Q
which foramen is created by the sacrospinous ligament
A
greater sciatic foramen
22
Q
which foramen is created by the sacrotuberous ligament
A
lesser sciatic foramen
23
Q
another name for ischial tuberosity
A
sit bone
bc the bones you sit on
24
Q
which artery and nerve wrap around the ischial spine (go through the greater sciatic foramen, round ischial spine then through lesser sciatic foramen)
A
pudendal nerve (S2-4) pudendal artery
25
which nerve goes through the greater sciatic foramen (2)
pudendal nerve
| sciatic nerve??????
26
how do you find the pudendal nerve for doing pudendal nerve blocks
feel for ischial spines (legs in stirrups at 4 and 8 oclock)
27
how do you palpate ischial spines on vaginal examination
legs in stirrups
| at 4 and 8 oclock positions
28
where is the ischial tuberosity
sticky out bit at bottom of ischium, where you sit = at bottom
29
connection between the ischium and pubis
ischiopubic ramus
30
how does the pubic arch differ in males and females
males - thicker
| females - thinner, flares out
31
how does the sub pubic angle differ in males and females
males - narrower V (like index and middle finger)
| females - wider V (like thumb and index finger V)
32
which parts (2) of the pubic bone are palpable
pubic symphysis
| pubic tubercle
33
how many rami are there in the pubis bone
what are their names
2
superior pubic ramus
ischiopubic ramus
34
where is the obturator foramen
in between the superior pubic ramus and ischiopubic ramus
35
which foramen is between the superior pubis ramus and the ischiopubis ramus
obturator foramen
36
what type of joint is the pubic symphysis
why is this significant
secondary cartilaginous
pliable = moves lots = good for preventing breakages
37
open book/pretzel fracture in pelvis definition
pelvic fractures tend to break in more than one place
38
what is the danger of a pelvic fracture
```
internal haemorrhage (bc of good vasculature)
- hard to recognize bc internal so monitor bp etc!
```
39
which NORMAL joint looks like a fracture on xray (hence don't worry)
sacroiliac joint
40
which part of the pelvis is the superior attachment of hamstrings (think about where hamstrings run)
ischial tuberosity (sit bones = bum, but don't need as much room as glutes, hence theyre in the gluteal fossa of ilium)
41
where does the majority of the pelvic blood supply come from
internal iliac artery
42
which organs (1 male 1 female) are supplied by the gonadal arteries
what is the significance of this
male - testes (supplied by testicular artery)
females - ovaries (supplied by ovarian artery)
(ie the reproductive organs)
lymphatic supply - lymph goes to paraaortic lymph nodes (most of the rest of the pelvis goes to iliacs)
43
where do the gonadal arteries come from
abdo aorta (L2)
44
lymphatic drainage of testes
paraaortic lymph nodes
45
lymphatic drainage of ovaries
paraaortic lymph nodes
46
which rectal artery doesn't come off the internal iliac (rest do)
where does it come from
superior rectal artery
comes off inferior mesenteric artery
47
significance of external iliac artery in supply of pelvic organs
little significance
just anastomoses with internal iliac branches
48
how does the internal iliac artery split
anterior and posterior divisions
49
3 branches of posterior division of internal iliac artery
PILS
Posterior division =
Iliolumbar artery
Lumbosacral artery
Superior gluteal artery
50
what does the posterior division of internal iliac artery supply
parietal stuff (body wall)
51
what does the anterior division of the internal iliac artery supply
viscera (organs)
52
branches of anterior division of internal iliac artery ()
```
obturator artery
superior and inferior vesical arteries
internal pudendal artery - and branches
middle rectal artery
middle umbilical artery (remnant)
```
53
blood supply to bladder
superior and inferior vesical arteries (from anterior division of internal iliac)
54
blood supply to prostate
inferior vesical artery (bc prostate is right under bladder)
55
which vesical artery is not present in females
why
what is their alternative
inferior vesical artery
bc no prostate in females = don't need it
have vaginal artery instead
56
branch of external iliac in males that supplies perineum
what does it turn into
external pudendal artery
| turns into anterior scrotal artery
57
branches of internal pudendal (4)
inferior rectal
perineal artery - turns into posterior scrotal artery
dorsal artery of penis
deep artery of penis
58
which penile artery is important for erections
deep artery of penis
59
which artery from the anterior division of internal iliac turns into a remnant after birth
umbilical artery
60
which pelvic artery in females comes off the abdo aorta
ovarian artery (gonadal artery)
61
ovarian artery branches
```
ovarian branch (for the ovaries)
tubal branch (for the fallopian tubes)
```
62
what happens to the tubal and ovarian branches of the ovarian artery
they anastomose with the tubal and ovarian branches of the uterine artery
63
where does most of the venous drainage of pelvic organs go
internal iliac
64
where does the superior rectal vein drain
hepatic portal system
65
where do superior pelvic viscera (organs) drain their lymph to
external iliac nodes
66
where do inferior pelvic viscera (organs) drain their lymph to
internal iliac nodes
67
where does the superficial perineum drain lymph to
superficial inguinal lymph nodes `
68
lymph from which organs (male and female) drains directly to lumbar (paraaortic) nodes bc embryological origin
fundus of uterus and ovaries
| scrotum/testes
69
roof of pelvic cavity
peritoneum (floor of abdo cavity)
70
3 pouches in peritoneum
which are male and which are female
rectouterine pouch of douglas - between uterus and rectum in females
vesico-uterine pouch - between bladder and uterus in females
vescio-rectal pouch - between bladder and rectum in males
71
what 2/3 things go through the pelvic floor
ureter
rectum
+/-vagina
72
which muscle lose tone to cause incontinence
pelvic floor muscles
73
pelvic floor injury aetiology (6)
```
childbirth
pregnancy
chronic constipation
chronic cough/sneeze
obesity
menopause
```
74
what are the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm
coccygeus
| levator ani
75
components of pelvic floor (3)
pelvic diaphragm
muscles of perineal pouches
perineal membrane
76
where does the coccygeus muscle (part of pelvic diaphragm) run
between ischial spine and coccyx
77
which muscles make up the levator ani (3)
iliococcygeus
pubococcygeus
ruborectalis
78
which ligament does the coccygeus muscle run over
sacrospinous ligament (also from ischial spine to coccyx)
79
what is the fossa below the levator ani called
ischioanal fossa
80
where does the iliococcygeus (levator ani muscle) run
between the ilium and coccyx
81
where does the pubococcygeus (levator ani muscle) run
between the pubic bone and coccyx
82
where does the puborectalis (levator ani muscle) run
from pubic bone to pubic bone
| figure of 8 sling round rectum
83
which muscle of levator ani is important for faecal continence
puborectalis
84
nerve supply to levator ani (2)
pudendal nerve S2-4
| nerve to levator ani S3-5
85
is the puborectalis usually contract or relaxed
what happens when you want to defecate
contracted
it relaxes
86
what are the 2 types of perineal pouch
what separates them
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch - erectile tissues and their muscles
perineal membrane
87
in which perineal pouch (deep or superficial) is the bulbourethral gland in males
deep perineal pouch
88
in the male superficial perineal pouch, what does the bulbospongiosum muscle surround
how many bulbospongiosum muscles are there
BULB of the penis (aka corpus SPONGIOSUM)
1 bulbospongiosum muscle
89
contraction of what muscle causes ejaculation
bulospongiosum (is around the bulb of the penis)
90
in the male superficial perineal pouch, what does the ischial cavernosus muscle surround
how many ischial cavernosus muscles are there
crura (aka corpus CAVERNOSUM)
2 ischial cavernosus muscles (crura means 2 legs)
91
where does the ischial cavernosus muscle attach
in both males and females
to the ischial ramus
92
what is the other name for bulb of penis
corpus spongiosum
93
what is the other name for crura (2 legs) of penis
corpus cavernosum (x2)
94
what is the other name for clitoris and crura (2 legs)
corpus cavernosum (x2)
same as males
95
in the female superficial perineal pouch, what does the ischialcaverosus muscle surround
clitoris and crura (corpus CAVEROSUM)
2 ischial cavernosus muscle (bc crura means 2 legs)
96
in the female superficial perineal pouch, what does the bulbospongiosus muscle surround
bulbs of vestibule (corpus SPONGIOSUM)
includes the bartholins gland (produces lubrication)
97
where does the perineal membrane attach
pubic arch
98
what layer is superficial to the pelvic floor (levator ani and coccygeus)
deep perineal pouch - fat, muscles, bulbourethral gland in males
99
what layer is superficial to the deep perineal pouch
perineal membrane
100
what layer is superficial to the perineal membrane
superficial perineal pouch - ischial cavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles (same in female and male, just surround diff things)
101
where is the inguinal region between
ASIs and pubic symphysis
102
clinical significance of inguinal region
common hernia site
103
where does the inguinal ligament attach between
ASIS and pubic tubercle
104
what is the floor of the inguinal canal
medial half of inguinal ligament
105
where is the superficial inguinal ring
superolateral to pubic tubercle
106
where is the deep inguinal ring
superolateral to midpoint of inguinal ligament
107
what structure are contained within the inguinal canal
ilioinguinal nerve
spermatic cord - in males
round ligament of uterus - in females
108
what process forms the inguinal canal
descent of testes/round ligament of uterus
109
which inguinal ring (deep or superficial) is the exit of the inguinal canal
superficial inguinal ring
110
which inguinal ring (deep or superficial) is the entrance of the inguinal canal
deep inguinal ring
111
which spinal nerve is ilioinguinal nerve from
L1
so is hypogastric
112
what 4 structures go through the femoral canal
nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
lymphatics
113
between which abdo muscle layers does the ilioinguinal nerve (L1) travel through)
transversus abdominus and internal oblique (supplies them!)
114
where does the ilioinguinal nerve go after it goes through the inguinal canal
scrotum/labium
| proximal medial thigh
115
visceral peritoneum definition
lining of peritoneal cavity (abdo cavity) that directly touch organs (eg ovary, uterus)
116
parietal peritoneum definition
lining of peritoneal cavity (abdo cavity) that DOESNT directly touch organs (eg touches itself)
117
procedure for removal of excess fluid in peritoneal cavity in the pouch of douglas
culdocentesis
118
which ligament is formed by a double layer of parietal peritoneum
broad ligament of uterus
round ligament of uterus
broad ligament of uterus
119
where is the urogenital triangle of the perineum between
ischial spines and pubic symphysis
120
where is the anal triangle of the perineum between
ischial spines and coccyx
121
which nerve supplies the perineal muscles -
pudendal nerve (S2-4)
122
purpose of bartholins gland (aka greater vestibular gland)
produces lubrication
123
at what position is the bartholins gland in females
| in which layer of tissue (oclock)
4 and 8 oclock
124
what is the equivalent of the bartholins gland in males
bulbourethral gland
125
purpose of bulbourethral gland
produces lubrication in males
126
what can Bartholin gland infection cause
external urethral orifice blockage
127
which area is the labia major
the skin
128
which area is the labia minor
the fleshy bit inside the skin
129
what are the layers of the uterus (from outer to inner)
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
130
which layer of the uterus sheds during menstruation
endometrium
131
which part of the uterus is the fundus
the top bit
132
which organ is the cervix a part of
uterus
the cervix is the bottom of the uterus (the neck)
THINK: cervical spin = neck, cervix = neck of uterus
133
what is the normal position of the cervix
anteverted (tipped anteriorly from vagina)
134
what is the normal position of the uterus
anteflexed (tipped anteriorly from cervix)
135
what is a retroverted cervix
cervix is tipped posteriorly from vagina
136
what is a retroflexed uterus
uterus is tipped posteriorly from cervix
137
what structure does the broad ligament of the uterus change into when it touches the uterus
parietal peritoneum
broad ligament of uterus is just a double layer of parietal peritoneum
138
where does the round ligament of the uterus come from
embryological remnant
| descending from posterior abdo wall via inguinal canal
139
where does fertilization take place
ampulla of fallopian tube
140
what is the thinner part of fallopian tubes, next to uterus called
isthmus
141
where do the fimbrae of the fallopian tube open up into
how do they gather eggs
clinical significance of this
open up into abdo cavity (peritoneal cavity)
one reaches out to catch an egg
clinical significance - infection can spread between perineum and peritoneum (eg PID, ectopic pregnancies)
142
what else moves with the round ligament of uterus during embryological descent
lymphatic drainage
ovaries
drain to paraaortic nodes (bc that's where they come from)
143
blood supply of ovaries
anastomosis between ovarian branches of ovarian artery and uterine artery
(there are also tubal branches and anastomoses from both)
144
where are the fornix of the vagina
how many are there
what are they called
top of vagina, just under cervical os
4
2 lateral, anterior, posterior
145
what is the fibrous tract that guides the descent of testes/ovaries and round ligament of uterus
gubernaculum
146
is the pelvic cavity S/PS/visceral afferent nerve supply OR somatic motor/sensory
S/PS/visceral afferent nerve supply
147
is the perineum S/PS/visceral afferent nerve supply OR somatic motor/sensory
somatic motor/sensory nerve supply
148
nerve modality of uterine cramping/contraction (eg menstruation/labour)
S/PS bc above levator ani
149
nerve modality of pelvic floor contraction (eg holding in a pee, pilates)
somatic motor (bc levator ani or below)
150
sensory supply to pelvic organs (above levator ani)
superior pelvis
inferior pelvis
superior pelvis T11-L2 visceral afferents
| inferior pelvis S2-4visceral afferents
151
which organs are classed as superior pelvis (in terms of sensory nerve supply)
examples
if they touch the perineum = superior pelvis
uterine tubes
uterus
ovaries
152
sensory supply to perineum
pudendal nerve S2-4 (diff from inferior pelvis, but same nerve roots)
153
which abdo wall muscles are in the 'hand in pockets' orientation
external oblique
154
which abdo wall muscles are in the 'hands on chest' orientation
internal oblique
155
which abdo wall muscle is external to external oblique
rectus abdominus
156
which abdo wall muscle is internal to internal oblique
tranveraalis abdominus
157
orientation of transversailis abdominus
horizontal
158
orientation of abdominus rectus
vertical
159
what is the midline blending of aponeuroses of all 4 abdo wall muscles called
linea alba
160
where is the linea semilunaris
between the external oblique and its aponeurosis
161
why is the rectus abdominus split into segments
to allow for bending
162
where is there no posterior rectus sheath; above or below the arguate line (belly button)
why is this clinically significant
below the arguate line (belly button) - there is only an anterior one
above the arguate line (belly button) there is an anterior and posterior rectus sheath
c section/hysterectomy = below belly button = no posterior rectus sheath to cut through
163
another name for c section/hysterectomy
pfannensteil incision
164
layers you cut through in c section (5+3 things to remember)
```
skin and fascia
anterior rectus sheath
MOVE (not cut) the rectus abdominus laterally
(no posterior rectus sheath)
thin fascia and peritoneum
move bladder
uterine wall
amniotic sac
```
165
which structures do you need to stitch close in c section/hysterectomy surgery
uterine wall
anterior rectus sheath (NOT posterior = better healing)
skin
166
what is the blood supply to abdo wall muscles (3)
superior epigastric arteries (superiorly)
inferior epigastric arteries (inferiorly)
intercostal and subcostal arteries (laterally)
167
what is the superior epigastric artery a continuation of
internal thoracic
168
what is the inferior epigastric artery a continuation of
external iliac artery
169
what is the intercostal and subcostal arteries a continuation of
posterior intercostal artery
170
in a hysterectomy before you cut the uterine artery, what must you do
make sure its uterine artery NOT ureter
bridge over water = uterine artery goes over ureter
ureter will vermiculate (wriggle) when touched
171
where is a laparotomy incision
vertical midline incision
172
which structures are cut through in laparotomy (3)
skin
linea alba (poor blood supply so poor healing)
peritoneum
173
what artery is at risk of damage in lateral port laparostomy insertion
inferior epigastric artery
174
how to avoid inferior epigastric artery in lateral port incision in laparoscopy
inferior epigastric artery is medial to deep inguinal ring, so go lateral to deep inguinal ring
175
which is the anterior surface of the penis
the under side - is anterior when erected
176
what passes through the urethra in males
urine and sperm ejaculation
177
which gland (prostate or seminal) in males produces seminal fluid = make semen
seminal gland w
178
what are the 3 structures that make up the erectile body in the male penis
2 corpus cavernosum
| 1 corpus spongiosum
179
which part of the erectile body of the penis contains the deep arteries of the penis
the 2 corpus cavernosum
180
which part of the erectile body of the penis contains the spongey urethra
the corpus spongiosum
181
erection
PS/S
parasympathetic
| bc erection = Point = Parasympathetic
point and shoot
182
ejaculation
PS/S
sympathetic
| bc ejaculation = Shoot = Sympathetic
point and shoot
183
what is the bag called that the testes sit in
tunica vaginalis
184
excess fluid in tunica vaginalis (bag around the testes)
hydrocele
185
blood supply to testes
gonadal/testicular artery - comes off abdo aorta
means testes drain lymph to paraaortic nodes!
186
what is the male reproductive organ
what are the male accessory reproductive organs
reproductive - testes
accessory - vas deferens, seminal gland, prostate gland, penis
187
contents of spermatic cord
3 arteries - artery to testes, cremasteric artery, artery to vas
3 nerves - autonomic nerves, genitofemoral nerve, ilioinguinal nerve (not actually in spermatic cord, but alongside it)
2 other things - vas deferens, testicular vein (pamphiform plexus)., lymphatic drainage to paraaortic nodes
188
where is sperm made
where is sperm stored
what is the route of sperm after this (7)
made in Seminiferous tubules of testes
stored in Epididymis
```
goes through Vas deferens
joins duct from seminal gland with seminal fluid = Ejaculatory duct
prostatic Urethra
bulbourethral gland - adds lubricant
spongey urethra
external urethral meatus
Penis
```
how to remember: SEVEN UP
N = nothing
189
what does the seminal gland produce
what does bulbourethral gland add to semen
what does prostate gland add to semen
semen - fructose, prostaglandins and fibrinogen
bulbourethral - adds lubricant
prostate - adds alkali
190
where is the central zone of the prostate gland
| do cancers occur here
behind the prostatic urethra
| no more common in peripheral zones
191
blood supply to testes
gonadal/testicular arteries (from abdo aorta)
192
venous drainage of testes
| what is diff about L and R
gonadal/testicular veins
L goes into L renal vein then IVC
R goes straight into IVC
193
lymphatic drainage of testes
paraaortic nodes (bc of embryological origin)
194
blood supply to penis
| where does this come from
deep and dorsal artery of penis - from internal pudendal of internal iliac
195
lymphatic drainage of penis
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
196
blood supply to scrotum (2)
where do they come from
posterior scrotal from internal pudendal form internal iliac
anterior scrotal from external iliac
197
lymphatic drainage of scrotum
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
198
in the pelvic inlet which is bigger, AP or transverse diameter
transverse
199
in the pelvic outlet which is bigger, AP or transverse diameter
AP
200
what are the 2 fontanelles on foetal skull called
anterior fontanelle
| posterior fontanelle
201
what is the suture between the anterior and posterior fontanelles on baby skull
sagittal suture
202
what is a bulging fontanelle a sign of
increased ICP
203
what is a compressed fontanelle a sign of
dehydration/malnutrition
204
moulding of foetal skull definition
movement of one bone over another eg during child birth
| fontanelles allow this
205
is the occipitofrontal or the biparietal diameter longer in the foetal skull
clinical significance of this
occipitalfrontal
| it determines the rotation of baby through the pelvic inlet and outlet
206
what is the vertex of the foetal skull (which 4 things is it between)
between the anterior fontanelle, posterior fontanelle and parietal eminences (on each side)
207
which direction is the babys head in when it descends through the pelvic inlet
```
side ways (transverse, facing L or R)
bc transverse diameter>AP diameter here and occipitofrontal diameter is biggest part of feotal head
```
208
which direction is the babys head in when it descends through the pelvic outlet
occpitioanterior (facing downwards)
| bc AP>transverse diameter diameter here and occipitofrontal diameter is biggest part of feotal head
209
why is the baby delivered in ocicpitoanterior not occipitoposterior direction
so vertex comes out first and chin is tucked in
210
what do you need to do when babies head is out of vagina
rotate a further 90 degrees to get shoulders out of pelvic inlet
get bottom shoulder out first, then top shoulder
211
how is station measured
distance of foetal head (biparietal diameter) from ischial spines
212
what does a positive station
biparietal diameter is below the ischial spines
213
what does a negative station mean
biparietal diameter is above the ischial spines
214
which muscles is the breast on top of (2)
pect major and serratus anterior (and deep fascia)
215
which ribs is the breast between
ribs 2-6
216
what structure creates the 'lobules' in the breast
suspensory ligaments
| orientate themselves around areola
217
what types of tissue are around the lobules in a breast
```
adipose tissue (fat)
dense connective tissue
```
218
how many lobes are in each breast
15-25
219
what is the gland called that is in each breast lobule (one per lobule)
tubuloacinar gland
220
where does the tubuloacinar gland drain first
terminal ductules (acini)
221
what is the collective term for tubuloacinar gland, terminal ductile, intralobular collecting duct, lactiferous duct
terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)
222
after the terminal duct lobular unit, where does the drainage of the tubuloacinar gland go
what does this look like
lactiferous sinus - a bulging in the lactiferous duct just before the nipple
223
after the lactiferous sinus (bulging of lactiferous duct) where does drainage of the tubuloacinar gland go
nipple
224
what happens to breast lobules after menopause
glands degenerate, leave the ducts
225
what happens to lobules during lactation (only during pregnancy)
what hormone causes this
lobules expand
oestrogen and progesterone cause this
226
in lactation the lobules expand, which part of the breast decreases
how does this look on histology compared to non lactating lobules
connective tissue and adipose tissue (fat)
histology;
lactating lobules - more dark pink = glands
non lactating lobules - more light pink = connective tissue
227
which Ig is found in breast milk
what is 90% of breast milk made of
IgA
| 90% water
228
blood supply to breast (2)
axillary artery
| internal thoracic artery
229
lymph node drainage of breast (3)
ipsilateral axillary then supraclavicular - MOST
parasternal lymph nodes then drain to contralateral breast - some
abdominal lymph nodes – rarely
230
where are the 3 levels of axillary lymph nodes
level I - inferior and lateral to pect minor
level II - deep to pect minor
level III - superior and medial to pect minor
231
what is a sentinel lymph node
the lymph node that die spreads to first = the one tumour has spread to = one to take out
232
why don't you remove all axillary lymph nodes if cancer
which lymph node is preferred
why
risk of lymphoedema in the arm
| level I nodes are preferred bc still have level II and III to drain to if I is gone
233
anatomy spot
which direction does uterine artery travel in
which direction does ureter travel in
uterine artery - horizontal
| ureter - vertical
234
which sciatic foramen is superior to the other
greater sciatic foramen is superior to lesser
THINK: greater = superior (also bigger one)
235
what is in the superficial perineal pouch (generally)
erectile tissues and their muscles
236
what is the perineal body
where is it
fibrous membrane in the pelvic floor
237
motor supply to cervix/vagina
cervix/vagina = inferior pelvis, but above levator ani
S2-4 PS/S (NOT pudendal nerve, pudendal nerve is below levator ani)
238
motor supply to perineum
S2-4 pudendal nerve
239
where does pain from superior pelvic organs refer to
suprapubic region (same as hind gut)
superior pelvic organs = touches peritoneum
240
where does pain from inferior pelvic organs refer to
perineum and posterior thigh
bc supplied by S2-4, and these are the dermatomes supplied by S2-4
241
where does pain from perineum refer to
perineum
