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GA Lecture NVB > Outline 11: the abdomen > Flashcards

Outline 11: the abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior border of the abdomen

A

diaphragm

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2
Q

What is the inferior border of the abdomen

A

pelvic inlet

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3
Q

what is the anterior and lateral borders of the abdomen

A

muscle

basically a muscular wall with no bones

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4
Q

What is the posterior border of the abdomen

A

lumbar verterbrae

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5
Q

what are the contents of the abdomen

A

most of the unpaired (stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines) and paired (kidneys, adrenal glands) viscera

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6
Q

What are the 4 major layers of fascia?

A

Superficial, Deep, Transversalis, and Peritoneum

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7
Q

What are the two types of Superficial fascia

A

Camper’s Fascia and Scarpa’s Fascia

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8
Q

What is Camper’s Fascia

A

The more superficial, outer layer of the superficial fascia and it is primarily adipose tissue

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9
Q

what is scarpa’s fascia

A

it is the more internal of the superficial fascia, It is under Camper’s fascia and it is more membranous,

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10
Q

What is the transversalis fascia analogous to

A

endothoracic fascia

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11
Q

Where is the transversalis fascia

A

interior to the deep fascia and lines the abdominal wall

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum

A

Parietal and visceral

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13
Q

Where is the parietal peritoneum

A

it is the more superficial peritoneum and clings to the transversalis fascia

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14
Q

where is the visceral peritoneum

A

it is the more interior layer of the peritoneum and surround organs in different ways

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15
Q

What is analogous to the pleura of the lungs

A

the peritoneum

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16
Q

What are the four anterior muscles of the abdomen?

A

external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominus, and rectus abdominus

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17
Q

How is the external abdominal oblique analogous to the external intercostals?

A

inferomedial fibers

go from being muscular posteriorly to membranous anteriorly

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18
Q

where do the external abdominal obliques originate? insert?

A

Originate from lower ribs and insert at the external oblique aponeurosis and iliac crest

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19
Q

What is the linea alba

A

the line where the two external oblique aponeurosis sheets meet

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20
Q

what do the most inferior fibers of the external oblique aponeurosis form

A

the inguinal ligament

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21
Q

How is the internal abdominal oblique analogous to the internal intercostals

A

-superomedial fibers

go from being membranous posteriorly to being muscular anteriorly

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22
Q

What is the inguinal ligament

A

it is a specialization of the external abdominal obliques that connects the ASIS with the public tubercle
it forms the base of the iguinal canal

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23
Q

where does the internal abdominal oblique originate and insert

A

thoracolumbar aponeurosis and iliac crest to the ribs

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24
Q

what is the transversus abdominus

A

it is the deepest layer and has transversely oriented fibers

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25
Q

T/F Like the innermost intercostals, the transversus abdominus is the same muscle as the internal abdominal oblique

A

False

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26
Q

What are the actions of the anterior abdominal muscles

A

supports abdominal viscera, compresses abdomen, and moves the trunk(not transversus abdominus)

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27
Q

For abdominall compression action, costal attachment is the ____. so external obliques is _____ action and internal obliques is _____ action .

A

ORIGIN , Normal, Reverse

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28
Q

For moving the trunk, costal attachment is the _____ so external obliques is _____ action and internal obliques is _____ action

A

INSERTION Reverse, Normal

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29
Q

Unilateral contraction of the external oblique in reverse action will result in

A

contralateral rotation

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30
Q

unilateral contraction of the internal oblique in normal action is result in

A

ipsilateral rotation

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31
Q

Name two ways the rectus abdominus muscle is unusual

A 
The origin (pubis) is inferior to the insertion (xiphoid process) 
the fibers don't run the full length of the muscle. Tendinous intersections break up the muscles and the fibers run from one point of connection to the next
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32
Q

What is the rectus abdominus covered by

A

the rectus sheath

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33
Q

What is the nerve supply for the abdominal muscles

A

ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves (L1)

anterior rami of T7-T11 and subcostal nerves

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34
Q

what is the nerve supply for the abdominal skin

A

continuation of the anterior rami of T7-11 (posterior intercostal nerves) and subcostal nerves

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35
Q

What is the blood supply for the flat anterior abdominal muscles

A

lower posterior intercostal A, and subcostal A

deep circumflex iliac A

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36
Q

What is the blood supply for the rectus abdominus

A

the superior and inferior epigastric A

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37
Q

The deep circumflex artery is a branch of?

A

External Iliac A

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38
Q

The superior epigastric A is a continuation of _____ and the landmark is the _____

A

Internal thoracic A

diaphragm

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39
Q

The inferior epigastic A is the second branch off of which artery?

A

external iliac A

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40
Q

What contributes to the sheath of the rectus abdominus

A

Transverse fascia, transversus abdominus, internal obliques, external obliques

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41
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the rectus abdominus sheath?

A

linea semilunaris

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42
Q

Why is abdominal herniation more likely is the distal abdomen than the proximal abdomen?

A

The components contributing to the rectus abdominus move anteriorly as you go more distal on the abdomen, leading to a thinner posterior sheath.

43
Q

What does the inguinal canal carry in men? in women?

A

spermatic cord

round ligament of the uterus

44
Q

What is the role of the inguinal canal

A

The testes are in the posterior abdomen in early male development, they travel to the scrotum by travelling through the inguinal canal

45
Q

What does the cremaster reflex do

A

In response to cold or touch, the cremaster reflex elevates the testes closer to the body in the scrotum

46
Q

what nerve carries the sensory information in the cremaster reflex?
what nerve carries the motor information?

A

ilioinguinal nerve

genital femoral nerve

47
Q

what is the floor of the inguinal canal

A

inguinal ligament

48
Q

what is the superficial wall of the inguinal canal

A

external oblique

49
Q

what is the deep wall of the inguinal canal

A

transversalis fascia

50
Q

what is the roof of the inguinal canal

A

internal oblique and transversalis abdominus

51
Q

what are the two openings of the inguinal canal

A

deep ring and superficial ring

52
Q

what does the deep ring of the inguinal canal occur in

A

the transversalis fascia

53
Q

what does the superficial ring of the inguinal canal occur in

A

it is an opening in the external oblique muscle

54
Q

where does the deep ring of the inguinal canal occur

A

in the transversalis fascia

55
Q

Describe the pathway of the testes

A

from the posterior abdominal wall it moves through the deep ring into the inguinal canal and through the inguinal canal and through the superficial ring into the scrotum

56
Q

25% of abdominal herniations are ____ 75% of abdominal herniations are____.

A

direct

indirect

57
Q

Describe the indirect hernia?

A

When the deep ring isn’t sealed tightly enough, the intestines can travel the path of the testes and cause a bulge in the scrotum.

58
Q

describe a direct hernia

A

a tear in the transversalis fascia internal to the superficial ring causes intestines to travel out of fascia,out of the superficial ring into the scrotum

59
Q

What are the 4 posterior muscles of the abdomen

A

quadratus lumborum
psoas major
psoas minor
iliacus

60
Q

What is the innervation of quadratus lumborum

A

T12, L1-4

61
Q

what are the actions of quadratus lumborum

A

bilaterally, respiration
unilaterally, bending
reverse action* - pelvic elevation= hip hike

62
Q

what is the innervation of psoas major

A

L2-L3

63
Q

what is the origin and insertion

A

very close to the body of the lumbar spinae

trochanter of the femur

64
Q

where is psoas minor

A

superficial to psoas major and doesn’t insert of femur so it only contributes to lumbar flexion

65
Q

What are the two most powerful flexors

A

psoad major and iliacus

66
Q

what muscle has the same insertion as psoas major

A

iliacus

67
Q

what is the blood supply of the posterior abdominal muscles

A

lumbar A (4 pairs) and the subcostal A

68
Q

What is the primary muscle of inspiration

A

diaphragm

69
Q

what are the two compartments of the diaphragm

A

contractile

non-contractile central tendon

70
Q

why is the diaphragm an unusual muscle

A

because although it originates peripherally, it inserts on itself (central tendon of diaphragm)

71
Q

What are the three regions of the diaphragm

A

sternal
costal
lumbar

72
Q

where does the sternal region of the diaphragm attach

A

the xiphoid process

73
Q

where does the costal region of the diaphragm attach

A

ribs 7-12

74
Q

What does the lateral arcuate ligament go over

A

quadratus lumborum

75
Q

what does the medial arcuate ligament go over

A

psoas major

76
Q

____ and _____ arcuate ligaments are part of the costal region
____ arcuate ligament is part of the lumbar region

A

lateral and medial

median

77
Q

what does the median arcuate ligament go over

A

the aorta to form the aortic hiatus

78
Q

what do the crura do

A

they are the base attachment for the median arcuate ligament

79
Q

Name the apertures of the diaphragm and the respective vertebrae from most superior to most inferior

A 
vena caval hiatus (T8) 
esophageal hiatus (T10) 
aortic hiatus (T12)
80
Q

What is the motor innervation of the diaphragm

A

the Phrenic Nerves (C3-C5)

81
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the central diaphragm? the peripheral diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerves

inferior 6-7 intercostal and subcostal nerves

82
Q

What happens if you injure your spinal cord above C3

A

You cannot breathe because you have injured the innervation from the respiratory control center of the brainstem that activates the phrenic nerves

83
Q

what happens if you injure your spinal cord below C6

A

although you are paralyzed you can still breathe

84
Q

what is the blood supply of the diaphragm

A

superior and inferior phrenic A’s

85
Q

describe the difference between the superior and inferior phrenic A

A

although both come off of the aorta the superior phrenic A is above the diaphragm
and the inferior phrenic A branches off below the diaphragm.

86
Q

what supplies the abdomen

A

subcostal A and abdominal aorta

87
Q

what are the 4 types of abdominal aorta

A

anterior visceral unpaired
lateral visceral paired
posterior parietal paired
terminal branches

88
Q

what are the 3 anterior visceral unpaired arteries and what do they supply

A

celiac trunk - all other paired organs like stomach and spleen
superior mesenteric - goes to rest of intestine
inferior mesenteric - goes to colon

89
Q

what are the 4 lateral visceral paired arteries and what do they suuply

A

inferior phrenic - diaphragm
middle suprarenal - adrenal glands
renal- kidneys
reproductive- testes/ ovaries

90
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

it is a bulge in the blood vessel and commonly in the abdominal aorta. It will cause turbulent flow and plaque formation

91
Q

What are the posterior parietal paired Arteries

A

4 lumbar

1 median sacral (unpaired but functions like lumbar)

92
Q

what is the lumbar arteries analogous to

A

the posterior intercostal arteries

93
Q

what happens at L4/L5 to the abdominal aorta

A

it ends and becomes the 2 common iliac arteries

94
Q

what happens at S1 to the common iliac arteries

A

they act like a trunk and become the internal iliac artery and the external iliac artery

95
Q

what are branches off the internal iliac artery

A

superior gluteal
inferior gluteal
obturator

96
Q

what are the branches off of the external iliac arteries

A

deep circumflex iliac

inferior epigastric

97
Q

what does the external iliac artery become after crossing the inguinal ligament

A

femoral A

98
Q

what is the main vein in the abdomen

A

inferior vena cava (L5)

99
Q

what does the superior gluteal supply

A

gluteus maximus, medius and minimus. tensor fascia latae

100
Q

what does the inferior gluteal supply

A

gluteus maximus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris, superior hamstrings

101
Q

what does obturator supply

A

obturator internus and externus, hip joiny

102
Q

what do the deep circumflex arteries supply

A

lower abdominals

103
Q

what do the inferior epigastric supply

A

rectus abdominus

GA Lecture NVB (12 decks)

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