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Clinical Anatomy > Osteology & Joints of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Osteology & Joints of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the longest and heaviest bone in the body?

A

Femur

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2
Q

The femur is approximately what length of a persons height?

A

approx 1/4 of persons height

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3
Q

What makes up the proximal end of the femur?

A

Head of the femur
Neck of the femur
Trochanters
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Intertrochanteric crest
Trochanteric fossa

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4
Q

What makes up the body of the femur?

A

Linea aspera (medial & lateral lips)
Spiral line, pectineal line and gluteal tuberosity
Supracondylar lines (medial & lateral)

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5
Q

What makes up the distal end of the femur?

A

Femoral condyles
Femoral epicondyles
Patellar surface
Adductor tubercle
Intercondylar fossa

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6
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

Patella

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7
Q

Patella is broad and thick at the base which makes it ideal for which muscle to attach?

A

quadriceps femoris muscle

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8
Q

Which area of the knee articulates with the femur?

A

Posterior surface articulates with femur and has medial and lateral facets which slope away from a smooth ridge

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9
Q

Which is bigger, the lateral or medial facet of the patella?

A

Lateral facet is larger than the medial facet for articulation with the larger corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the femur

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10
Q

What way will the patella tilt, when the posterior side is placed onto a smooth surface?

A

Patella will tilt to lateral side when the posterior side is placed onto a smooth surface, useful for identifying if it is a left or right bone

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11
Q

How are the tibia and fibula connected?

A

by an interosseous membrane and proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

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12
Q

What makes up the proximal end of the tibia?

A

Tibial plateau
Medial and lateral condyles
Intercondylar eminence

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13
Q

What makes up the body of the tibia?

A

Borders and surfaces
Tibial tuberosity (distal attachment for patella ligament)
Soleal line

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14
Q

What is the name of the Distal end articular facets?

A

Medial Malleolus

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15
Q

What bone in the leg is non weight bearing?

A

Fibula

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16
Q

What is the main purpose of the fibula?

A

Mainly serves for muscle attachment

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17
Q

What is the name of the proximal end of the fibula?

A

Head of the fibula

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18
Q

What makes up the body of the femur?

A

3 surfaces and 3 borders

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19
Q

What is the name of the distal end of the fibula?

A

Lateral Malleolus

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20
Q

Head of femur articulates with what?

A

Round head of femur articulates with the cup-like acetabulum of the hip bone

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21
Q

What are the movements of the hip joint?

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction

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22
Q

The rim of acetabulum is raised slightly by a what?

A

fibrocartilaginous collar

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23
Q

What does the non-articular acetabular fossa contain?

A

fat and loose connective tissue. And the attachment of the ligament of the head of femur.

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24
Q

What ligament is anterior to hip joint. Attaches between ilium (between AIIS and margin of acetabulum) and intertrochanteric line of femur?

A

Iliofemoral ligament

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25
Q

What ligament is anteroinferior to hip joint. Attaches from the iliopubic eminence and obturator membrane, and blends into the joint capsule laterally?

A

Pubofemoral ligament

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26
Q

What ligament is posterior to hip joint. Attaches between ischium (posteroinferior to acetabulum) and greater trochanter?

A

Ischiofemoral ligament

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27
Q

What ligament sits Inferiorly, labrum bridges across acetabular notch as transverse acetabular ligament & converts notch into foramen?

A

Transverse acetabular ligament

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28
Q

What ligament is a flat band of delicate connective tissue. Attaches between fovea on head of femur and acetabular fossa, transverse acetabular ligament and margin of acetabular notch?

A

Ligament of the head of the femur

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29
Q

What are the 5 Extracapsular Ligaments of the knee?

A
  1. Patella ligament
  2. Lateral collateral ligament
  3. Medial collateral ligament
  4. Oblique popliteal ligament
  5. Arcuate popliteal ligament
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30
Q

What tendon/ligament is the anterior ligament of the knee?

A

Patellar Ligament/Tendon

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31
Q

Where is the Patellar Ligament/Tendon located to and from?

A

From: Apex and margins of patella
To: Tibial tuberosity

Blends with medial and lateral patella retinacula (expansions of vastus medialis and lateralis that support the capsule laterally)

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32
Q

What does a patella tendon/ligament rupture result in?

A

Rupture results in patella alta (displaced superiorly)

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33
Q

Where is the Lateral Collateral Ligament located?

A

From: lateral epicondyle of femur
To: Lateral surface of head of fibula

Tendon of popliteus passes deep, separating it from the lateral meniscus

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34
Q

Describe the Medial Collateral Ligament?

A

Strong flat band, but is weaker than the fibular collateral ligament and often damaged during sports

35
Q

Where is the medial collateral ligament located?

A

From: Medial epicondyle of femur
To: Medial condyle of tibia

At its midpoint, the deep fibres of the medial collateral ligament are firmly attached to the medial meniscus

36
Q

What are the Intra-Articular Structures of the knee?

A
  1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament
  2. Posterior Cruciate Ligament
  3. Medial Meniscus
  4. Lateral Meniscus
37
Q

What are menisci?

A

Crescent shaped plates of fibrocartilage

38
Q

What do menisci look like and what is their function?

A

Thicker at their external margins and taper to thin unattached edges in the interior of the joint

Attached at their ends to the intercondylar area of the tibia
External margins attach to the capsule (coronary ligaments)

Transverse ligament joins their anterior edges, allowing them to move together

Deepens the surface and acts like shock absorbers

39
Q

What is the medial meniscus?

A

“C” shaped

Anterior and posterior ends attach to the anterior and posterior intercondylar areas of the tibia

Firmly adheres to the deep surface of the medial collateral ligament

39
Q

What is the medial meniscus?

A

“C” shaped

Anterior and posterior ends attach to the anterior and posterior intercondylar areas of the tibia

Firmly adheres to the deep surface of the medial collateral ligament

40
Q

What is the lateral meniscus?

A

“O” shaped

Anterior and posterior ends attach to the anterior and posterior intercondylar areas of the tibia

Smaller and more freely movable

Posterior meniscofemoral ligament joins the lateral meniscus to the PCL and the medial femoral condyle

41
Q

What are the cruciate ligaments?

A

In the centre of the joint, crossing each other to form an ‘X’

42
Q

Where does the Anterior Cruciate Ligament go from and to?

A

From: Anterior intercondylar area of the tibia posterior to attachment of medial meniscus
To: Posterior part of medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur

Is slack when the knee is flexed, and taut when it is fully extended

43
Q

What does the ACL prevent?

A

Prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia and hyperextension of the knee joint.
It also prevents excessive tibial medial and lateral rotation, as well as varus and valgus stresses.

44
Q

True or False? The ACL provides approximately 85% of total restraining force of anterior translation of the tibia.

A

true

45
Q

Which is stronger, the ACL or PCL?

A

PCL
The PCL is twice as thick as theACL which results in less injuries than the ACL due to the stronger nature. As a result, PCL injuries are less common thanACLinjuries.

46
Q

Where does the Posterior Cruciate Ligament go from and to?

A

From: Posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
To: Anterior part of lateral surface of medial condyle of the femur

47
Q

What does the PCL prevent?

A

Prevents anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia, or posterior displacement of the tibial on the femur

Helps prevent hyperextension of the knee

48
Q

What is the role of the PCL?

A

It acts as the major stabilizing ligament of the knee and prevents the tibia from excessive posterior displacement in relation to the femur.

It also functions to prevent hyper-extension and limits internal rotation, adduction and abduction at the knee joint.

49
Q

What are the names of the bursae anterior to the knee?

A

supra-patella bursa
prepatellar bursa
superficial infra-patellar bursa
deep infrapatellar bursa

50
Q

What are the names of the bursae posterior to the knee?

A

popliteus bursa
semimembrenosus bursa
semitendinosus bursa
gastrocnemius bursa
gracilis bursa
biceps bursa
sartorius bursa

51
Q

What type of joint is the Proximal Tibiofibular Joint?

A

plane-type synovial joint

52
Q

How does the Proximal Tibiofibular Joint work?

A

Facet on fibular head articulates with a facet located posterolaterally on the lateral tibial condyle

53
Q

What are ligaments associated with the Proximal Tibiofibular joint?

A

Anterior tibiofibular

Posterior tibiofibular

54
Q

Which joint is weakest and most prone to injury in plantarflexion?

A

Talocrural joint

55
Q

What do the lateral ligaments of the foot stabilize?

A

the ankle during inversion

56
Q

Which ligament is described as - Weak, flat band extending from lateral malleolus to neck of the talus?

A

Anterior talofibular (ATFL)

57
Q

Which ligament is described as - Strong, thick band from the malleolar fossa to the lateral tubercle of the talus?

A

Posterior talofibular

58
Q

Which ligament is described as -Round cord from the tip of the lateral malleolus to the lateral surface of the calcaneus ?

A

Calcaneofibular (CFL)

59
Q

(High ankle sprain) Forced hyperflexion of the talocrural joint causes damage to the?

A

Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular ligament (AITFL)

60
Q

What do the medial ligaments of the foot stabilize?

A

the ankle during eversion

61
Q

The deltoid ligament is made up of what ligaments?

A
  1. Tibionavicular
  2. Anterior tibiotalar
  3. Posterior tibiotalar
  4. Tibiocalcaneal
62
Q

Describe the Distal Tibiofibular Joint?

A

Fibrous joint

Rough triangular area on medial surface of distal end of fibula articulates with facet on distal end of tibia

Ligaments
Interosseous,

Anterior inferior tibiofibular,

Posterior inferior tibiofibular

63
Q

What are the names of the 7 tarsal bones?

A

Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
3 Cuneiforms
Medial
Intermediate
Lateral cuneiform

64
Q

How many metatarsal bones are there?

A

5

65
Q

What are the most important joints of the foot?

A

Subtalar
Transverse tarsal joints which are two in number:
Talocalcaneonavicular
Calcaneocuboid

66
Q

Where is the subtalar joint located and what is it’s actions?

A

Between inferior surface of the talus the superior surface of the calcaneous

Supported by the medial, lateral and posterior and interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments

Inversion and eversion of the foot mainly occur at this joint

67
Q

Where is the transversetalar joints and what articulates with what?

A

Transversetalar joints
Talocalcaneonavicular
Talus articulates with navicular and calcaneous

68
Q

Where is the Calcaneocuboid located?

A

Between anterior surface of calcaneus and posterior surface of cuboid

69
Q

Where is the Interphalangeal joint of the foot?

A

Between the head of one phalanx and the base of the one distal to it

70
Q

Where is the Metatarsophalangeal joint?

A

Heads of the metatarsals articulate with the bases of the proximal phalanges

Sesamoid bones in the two tendons of flexor hallucis brevis

71
Q

Where is the Tarsometatarsal joint?

A

Four anterior tarsal bones articulate with the bases of the metatarsal bones

72
Q

What are the roles of the arches of the foot?

A

Bones of the foot arranged in longitudinal and transverse arches
Act as shock absorbers
Support weight of the body
Propels body forward during gait

73
Q

What is the longitudinal arch of the foot composed of?

A

Composed of medial and lateral parts
Acts with the transverse arch to spread the weight in all directions

74
Q

What is the medial arch (part) of the foot composed of?

A

Higher and more important than the lateral longitudinal arch
Composed of calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, and three metatarsals
Tibialis anterior and fibularis longus tendon helps to strengthen this arch

75
Q

What is the lateral arch (part) of the foot composed of?

A

Flatter and rests on the ground during standing
Composed of calcaneus, cuboid, and lateral two metatarsals

76
Q

What is the transverse arch of the foot composed of?

A

Formed by cuboid, cuneiforms, and bases of the metatarsals

Medial and lateral parts of the longitudinal arch act as pillars for the transverse arch

Tendon of fibularis longus helps maintain the arch

77
Q

Integrity of Arches is maintained by?

A

Shape of interlocking bones
Muscle tendons:
1. Tibialis anterior
2. Tibialis posterior
3. Fibularis longus

Plantar ligaments
1.Plantar cacaneonavicular ligament
2.Long and short plantar ligaments
Plantar aponeurosis

78
Q

Describe the Plantar calcaneonavicular (“spring”) ligament?

A

Main supporter of medial longitudinal arch
From sustentaculum tali to posteroinferior surface of the navicular

79
Q

Describe the Long plantar ligament?

A

Main supporter of lateral longitudinal arch
From plantar surface of calcaneus to groove on cuboid and slips to the metatarsals forming a tunnel for the tendon.

80
Q

Describe the Short plantar (calcaneocuboid) ligament?

A

Aids the above ligaments in supporting the longitudinal arch
From calcaneus to the cuboid

81
Q

What are the functions of Plantar Aponeurosis (Plantar fascia)?

A

Holds parts of the foot together
Maintains the longitudinal arch
Protects the plantar surface from injury

82
Q

What are the attachments of the Plantar Aponeurosis (Plantar fascia)?

A

Arises from the posterior surface of calcaneus and split into 5 bands that are attached to the fibrous digital sheaths.

Lateral part extends from tuberosity of calcaneous to tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Aids long plantar ligament to maintain lateral longitudinal arch

Medial part attaches to sesamoid bones
Strengthens the medial longitudinal arch when standing on the toes

Clinical Anatomy (21 decks)

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