Osteology Flashcards
What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body?
Epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissues
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
Osteoblasts - form bone;
Osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone;
Osteoclasts - remodel bone.
What are the bone cells embedded in?
An amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
Glycosaminoglycans
What is the principle type of protein fiber in bones?
Collagen type I
What is the most frequently described deposit in the bone?
Hydroxyapatite
What is Wolff’s law as it applies to bones?
Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to various stressors
What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?
It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age.
Bone is the embryo logical derivative of which specific connective tissue?
Mesenchyme and/or cartilage
What is the name given to the patterns of ossification in mesenchyme?
Intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
From the second to third month in utero
What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?
The skull
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is partially formed by intramembranous ossification?
The clavicle
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
Endochondral ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
From the second to fifth month in utero.
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification A?
Chondrocranium
What are names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
Primary centers of ossification appear before birth
Secondary centers of ossification appear after brith
WhT are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
Sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population based variation (ethnic variation), and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
What type of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
Chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, hyaluronic acid
Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
Sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, and radium
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
The mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
The clavicle
Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas base on bone density?
Cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone
What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?
Subchondral bone
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?
The periosteum
What is the name given to the Fibro-cellular lining of bone?
The endosteum
