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Histology > Osteogenesis and Joints > Flashcards

Osteogenesis and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

In intramembranous bone formation, what do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A

osteoblasts

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2
Q

In intramembraneous bone formation, what do osteoblasts secrete?

A

osteoid; it traps some of the osteoblasts.

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3
Q

What is another term for trapped osteoblasts in the osteoid?

A

osteocytes

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4
Q

In intramembranous bone formation, what do the osteocytes form?

A

A functional syncytium

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5
Q

In intramembranous bone formation, what ion causes mineralization?

A

calcium ions

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6
Q

What does osteoid include?

A

collagen I and non-collagen proteins.

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7
Q

What do primary ossification centers become?

A

a trabecula.

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8
Q

What do numerous trabeculae fuse together to become?

A

spongy bone

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9
Q

In intramembranous bone formation, what is the initial type of bone formed?

A

woven bone; its collagen fibers are arranged randomly.

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10
Q

What type of bone includes aligned collagen fibers?

A

lamellar bone

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11
Q

In endochondral bone formation, what is cartilage replaced by?

A

bone

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12
Q

In endochondral bone formation, what do chondrocytes release?

A

vascular endothelial growth factor

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13
Q

In endochondral bone formation, when do chondrocytes apoptose?

A

After vessels have formed

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14
Q

In endochondral bone formation, what cells used calcified strands as substrates for deposition of osteoid?

A

osteoblasts

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15
Q

Where does secondary ossification occur?

A

in the epiphyses

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16
Q

What are the epiphyses and diaphyses separated by?

A

A growth plate

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17
Q

What are the four zones of the growth plate?

A

reserve zone, proliferative zone, hypertrophic zone, vascular invasion zone

18
Q

What occurs in the reserve zone?

A

primitive hyaline cartilage is found; it is responsible for the growth in length of bone and erosion/deposition process advances.

19
Q

What is the epiphysis made of?

A

hyaline cartilage

20
Q

What occurs in the proliferative zone?

A

chondrocytes mitotically divide and form stacks parallel to cartilage.

21
Q

What occurs in the hypertrophic zone?

A

chondrocytes apoptose and calcification occurs

22
Q

What occurs in the vascular invasion zone?

A

vessels invade the bone.

23
Q

Where does ossification first occur?

A

The diaphysis (midsection) of a long bone

24
Q

During ossification, what lays periosteal bone on top of endochondral bone?

A

perisoteum

25
Q

Each epiphysis plate is separated from the diaphysis by what?

A

a plate of hyaline cartilage

26
Q

During endochondral bone formation, what is the role of the osteoclast?

A

to break down bone in the center of diaphysis and form a medullary cavity.

27
Q

During endochondral bone formation, cartilage is continually added to what end of the ephiphyseal plate?

A

distal end

28
Q

During endochondral bone formation, cartilage is replaced by bone at what end?

A

proximal end; this increases bone length.

29
Q

What kind of cartilage remains at either end of the bone?

A

articular cartilage

30
Q

What are the 3 zones of the epiphyseal plate?

A

zone of proliferation, hypertrophy/calcification and ossification

31
Q

What is proliferation stimulated by?

A

Indian hedgehod (ihh); it also prevents hypertrophy of chondrocytes.

32
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two bones come together

33
Q

What are the 3 major classes of joints?

A

cartilaginous, fibrous and synovial

34
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints, and what are they composed of?

A

symphysis (fibrocartilage), synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)

35
Q

What are examples of symphysis and synchondrosis joints

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphsis (symphysis); epiphyseal plate and first sternocostal joint (synchondrosis)

36
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints, and what are they composed of?

A

suture, gomphosis and syndesmosis; collagenous or elastic fibrous CT

37
Q

What are examples of suture, gomphosis and syndesmosis joints?

A

calvaria (suture), teeth in socket (gomphosis), membrane of fibia and tibia (syndesmosis)

38
Q

What is a feature of synovial joints?

A

they are surrounded by a fluid-filled capsule.

39
Q

What are the 3 types of synovial joints?

A

monaxial, biaxial and triaxial

40
Q

What are examples of the 3 types of synovial joints?

A

hinge/knee (monaxial), finger/atlantooccipital/saddle (diaxial); ball-and-socket (triaxial)

41
Q

What type of cartilage is found in synovial joints?

A

articular (hyaline) cartilage

Histology (17 decks)

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