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Histology > Blood and Hemostasis > Flashcards

Blood and Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is serum?

A

plamsa without blood-clotting proteins

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2
Q

What does plasma contain that serum does not?

A

fibrinogen

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3
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

It causes blood clotting and is a target for thrombin

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4
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

to exert major osmotic pressure on blood vessel walls

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5
Q

Where are fibrinogens and albumins made?

A

the liver

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6
Q

What is an erythrocyte devoid of?

A

granules and organelles

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7
Q

What are the two major cytoskeletal components of an erythrocyte?

A

actin and spectrin

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8
Q

What does ankyrin do?

A

links the spectrin-actin network and the plasma membrane by binding to spectrin and a transmembrane protein.

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9
Q

What kind of transporter is in an erythrocyte membrane?

A

an anion transporter; it allows HCO3 to cross the plasma membrane in exchange for Cl (allows release of CO2 in the lungs).

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10
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

components of the blood that phagocytize amoeboids and destroy certain bacterial walls.

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11
Q

What is a basophil?

A

component of the blood that releases histamine and leukotrienes, which increase vascular permeability and slow contraction of smooth muscles.

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12
Q

What is a eosinophil?

A

component of the blood that works with basosinophils; it phagocytizes antibody-antigen complexes and parasites.

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13
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

a large round cell that secretes T (cell-mediated immunity) and B (plasma cells) lymphocytes.

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14
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

a component of the blood that differentiates into osteoclasts or macrophages once it reaches tissue.

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15
Q

What are platelets?

A

a component of the blood derived from megakaryocytes that participate in aggregation, clot formation, and repair the endothelium with platet plugs.

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16
Q

What substance is released by endothelial cells that decreases platelet aggregation?

A

prostacyclin

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17
Q

What is the site of synthesis of most of the proteins of the clotting cascade?

A

the liver

18
Q

What is hemostasis, and where is it most effective?

A

The elimination of bleeding small vessels such as capillaires, arterioles and venules.

19
Q

What is the hemostatic sequence of events in small vessels?

A

constriction of smooth muscle, constriction of vessels, decreased blood flow, formation of platelet plug, blood clotting (coagulation).

20
Q

During an injury, what is exposed in the vessel?

A

collagen fibers; this is what platelets bind to.

21
Q

When platelets bind to collagen, what is released?

A

ADP and thromboxane A (stimulates platelet aggregation)

22
Q

What is von Willenbrand factor?

A

a plasma protein that adheres platelets to the walls of damaged blood vessels.

23
Q

What is prothrombin activated by?

A

Factor XII

24
Q

When is factor XII activated?

A

after contact with collaged in the damaged vessel wall.

25
Q

What is the active form of prothrombin, and what does it do?

A

thrombin it catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

26
Q

What is fibrin?

A

a meswork in which platelets, blood cells and plasma become entrapped to form the actual clot. It is activated via thrombin and factor XIII

27
Q

What protein reshapes a blood clot?

A

fibrin; it is split into polypeptides by thrombin and activated by factor XIII.

28
Q

What causes the dissolution of blood clots?

A

the activation of plasminogen to plasmin; it is also known as finbrinolysis.

29
Q

What activates plasminogen to plasmin?

A

t-PA; t-PA and plasmin dissolve the clot.

30
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway?

A

The pathway that contains all of the necessary factors in the blood, including calcium (important cofactor).

31
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway?

A

The pathway that involves the formation of tissue factor (thromboplastin or factor III).

32
Q

What factor does factor XII activate in the intrinsic pathway?

A

factor XI.

33
Q

Kallikrein is activated by which factor?

A

Factor XII; kallkrein activates bradykinin, which increases vascular permeability.

34
Q

Kallikrein is a positive feedback for which factor?

A

factor XII.

35
Q

What is the activation for factors IX and X?

A

11 + thrombin = 9; 9 + 8 (thrombin) + Ca = 10; then common pathway

36
Q

What is the activation for factors VII and X in the extrinsic pathway?

A

thromboplastin = 7; 7 + Ca = 10; then common pathway

37
Q

What mechanism is activated by various cytokines from damaged tissue cells?

A

leukocytes

38
Q

What are two phases of leukocyte extravasation?

A

selectin and integrin phase

39
Q

What occurs during the selectin phase?

A

Binding of ligands to P-selections on inflamed tissue causes the leukocyte to roll along endothelium.

40
Q

What occurs during integrin phase?

A

Integrin receptors are activated on the membrane and promote transendothelial migration of leukocytes.

41
Q

What is erythroblastis fetalis?

A

an antibody condition in which the mother and fetus of the second pregnancy have different antigens.

Histology (17 decks)

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