Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major classes of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two components of cartilage?

A

cells (chondroblasts and chondrocytes) and extracellular matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

cartilage-forming cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

cartilage-maintenance cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is in the cartilage extracellular matrix?

A

collagen (type II) and amorphous ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some functions of cartilage?

A

absorb shock, reduce friction, repair bone fractures, necessary for endochondral bone growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do chondroblasts become after they lay down cartilage matrix?

A

chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Pockets within the matrix where the chondroblasts and chondrocytes are found.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrients?

A

diffusion through the cartilage matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A layer that can give rise to chondroblasts. It contains an outer fibrous layer and an inner chondrogenic layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the outer fibrous layer contain, and what do they differentiate into?

A

fibroblasts; they differentiate into chondroblasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the inner chondrogenic layer give rise to?

A

chondroblasts, which become chondrocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are functions of the chondrocyte?

A

produce collagen and proteoglycans, secrete chondronectin (adhesion molecules).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is in the cartilage matrix?

A

collagen type II, hyaluronic acid, glycosaminoglycans, terriritorial and inter-territorial matrices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What matrices surround each chondrocyte?

A

territorial and inter-territorial; the territorial has a high GAG content and low collagen content and vice versa for inter-territorial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hyaline cartilage often referred to as?

A

gristle; it is the most common type of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are features of hyaline cartilage?

A

avascular, contains type II collagen fibers, surrounded by perichondrium, grows appositionally or interstitially.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

A

fetal long bones, articular ends of bones, tracheal cartilages, larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the matrix of hyaline cartilage composed of?

A

chondroitin sulfate, collagen fibers and proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the chondrogenic perichondrium a source of?

A

chondroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A

has elastic fibers in the matrix, surrounded by perichondrium, is flexible, has type II collagen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

auricle (pinna) of the ear, epiglottis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A

increased collagen, not surrounded by pericardium, type I collagen, sparse chondrocytes, has good tensile strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located?

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, tendons & ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does interstitial growth occur?

A

from chondrocytes within the cartilage

27
Q

During embryogenesis, what do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A

chondroblasts

28
Q

What do the chondroblasts from the mesencyhmal cells then do?

A

Divide mitotically and fill the lacuna; they are surrounded by territorial matrix and inter-territorial matrix; which is known was INTERSTITIAL GROWTH.

29
Q

Where does appositional growth occur?

A

from undifferentiated cells at the surface of the cartilage, or perichondrium.

30
Q

What do the inner layers of the perichondrium do during appositional growth?

A

Differentiate into condroblasts and synthesize/secrete type II collagen precursors and other ECM components.

31
Q

What kind of a system is bone tissue based on?

A

canalicular

32
Q

Is bone vascular or avascular?

A

vascular

33
Q

How does bone increase in length?

A

through appostional growth of a hyaline cartilage model.

34
Q

What is bone formed by?

A

osteoblasts, which become osteocytes.

35
Q

What is the organic components of a bone?

A

the osteoid

36
Q

What is the inorganic component of a bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

37
Q

What are the three types of bone?

A

woven bone, compact bone, spongy bone

38
Q

When is woven bone most commonly seen?

A

during bone development and repair

39
Q

When is compact bone also referred to as?

A

lamellar bone

40
Q

What is spongy bone also referred to as?

A

trabecular or cancellous bone

41
Q

What are the lamellae which encircle a central blood vessel?

A

Haversian

42
Q

Where are the osteocytes found, and how are they connected?

A

between the lamellae; they are connected via canaliculi.

43
Q

What do Volkmann’s canals do?

A

run perpindicular to haversian canals and connect the haversian canals to each other and to the surface of the bone.

44
Q

What does spongy bone contain? What does it surround?

A

trabeculae; they surround bone marrow spaces in long bones and flat bones.

45
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A membrane that surrounds the entire bone.

46
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers?

A

fibers that connect to bone and periosteum. They are abundant where tendons and ligaments attach.

47
Q

What are osteocytes responsible for?

A

maintenance and turnover of the bone matrix.

48
Q

What do osteoprogenitors differentiate into?

A

osteoblasts, then osteocytes

49
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

control the mineralization of the matrix. They also synthesize the organic matrix of bone.

50
Q

What are the major protein products of an osteoblast?

A

type I collagen, RANKL, osteocalcin, osteopontin, bone siatoprotein.

51
Q

Where are osteoclast cells derived from?

A

monocytes (bone marrow)

52
Q

What occurs at adult remodeling sites and during development?

A

ARF (activation-resorption-reversal-formation).

53
Q

What is the primary regulator of bone turnover?

A

parathyroid hormone.

54
Q

What is stimulated at low PTH levels?

A

bone formation by osteoblasts.

55
Q

What is stimulated at high PTH levels?

A

osteoclast-differentiation factors (turns osteoblasts into osteocytes).

56
Q

What does the osteoblast synthesize after PTH binds to receptors on the osteoblast?

A

M-CSF (monocyte colony stimulating factor) and RANKL. The osteocyte releases M-CSF.

57
Q

What does M-CSF bind to?

A

an M-CSF receptor on a nearby monocyte.

58
Q

What does a monocyte bound to M-CSF become?

A

a macrophage that expresses RANK

59
Q

What does RANK bind to?

A

RANKL (osteoblast and macrophage binding).

60
Q

What does a macrophage become once it has bound to RANKL?

A

an immature osteoclast.

61
Q

What is osteoprotegerin?

A

substanced secreted by the osteoblast that binds to RANKL with greater affinity than rank. It inhibits maturation of osteoclasts.

62
Q

What does PTH block?

A

synthesis of osteoprotegerin.

63
Q

What are osteoclasts directly regulated by?

A

calcitonin, vitamin D and regulatory molecules of the osteoblasts.

64
Q

What are functions of the osteoclasts?

A

Bone remodelling (removing bone matrix and replacing with osteoblasts), proper shaping of the bones, extension of medullary space to allow for hematopoiesis.

Histology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions