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Histology > Epithelial Glands > Flashcards

Epithelial Glands Flashcards

1
Q

How do exocrine glands secrete things?

A

Via a duct derived from the original connection to the epithelial layer.

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2
Q

What part of the epithelium degenerates in endocrine glands?

A

epithelial down growth; this causes the secretory tissue to be separated from its epithelial leyer.

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3
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete things?

A

via diffusion into surrounding blood vessels.

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4
Q

What are exocrine grands?

A

> epithelial outgrowths into underlying connective tissue that retain their connection to the overlying epithelium in the form of one or more ducts.

> secretory products are transported via a duct system (usually) to the lumen or surface of an organ

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5
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

> glands that are epithelial outgrowths into underlying connective tissue that lose their connection to the overlying epithelium.

> They lack ducts and must secrete their product (hormone) directly into surrounding blood vessels

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6
Q

What are paracrine glands?

A

glands in which secretion affects neighboring cells; e.g. growth factors.

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7
Q

What are autocrine glands?

A

> glands whose secretions affect the cell that released the secretory product.
E.g. IL-2 secreted by T cells.

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8
Q

What are acinus cells?

A

a mostly mucous capped by a half-moon shaped group of serous cells forming a serous demilune.

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9
Q

What is merocrine secrection?

A

secretion in which the secretory product is in vesicles and is released by endocytosis/exocytosis.

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10
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

secretion in which the apical cytoplasm is released along with the secretory product.

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11
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

secretion in which the entire cell is released as part of secretory product.

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12
Q

What is the submandibular gland composed of?

A

serous and mucuous cells, with demilune around the serous cells. Myoepithelial cells surround acini.

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13
Q

What is the sublingual gland composed of?

A

mucuous acini and flattened nuclei at basal poles of cells.

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14
Q

What is the parotid gland composed of?

A

serous acini and zymogen granules. RER predominates in the basal regions of secretory cells.

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15
Q

What is a compound gland divided into?

A

subunits (lobules)

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16
Q

What is a lobule equivalent to?

A

A simple branched gland.

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17
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

The components of the gland derived from epithelium (secretory units and ducts) comprise the parenchyma.

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18
Q

What is stroma?

A

The connective tissue capcsule surrounding the entire gland as well as the connective tissue partitions separating the lobules and lobes.

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19
Q

What are acini?

A

The secretory components of a lobule. They may be serous, mucuous or sero-mucous. They are covered by the basement membrane and border myoepithelial cells.

20
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A

cells that have extensive actin bundles and also contract. They express secretions of the acini into intercalated ducts.

21
Q

What are intralobular ducts?

A

> ducts that lie within a lobule.

> they can be intercalated or striated.

22
Q

What are intralobar ducts?

A

ducts joined by two or more interlobular ducts. They are lined with columnar epithelium transitioning into stratified column epithelium.

23
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

parotid gland, submandibular gland and sublingual glands

24
Q

Glandular tissue is composed of what type of cells that are specialized for secretion

A

> epithelial cells

25
Q

Epithelial down growth may remain connect to the epithelial layer from which it originated. This rise to which type of gland?

A

> exocrine gland

26
Q

List some examples of exocrine glands.

A 
> salivary glands
> mammary glands
> sweat glands
> sebaceous glands
> liver
> pancreas
27
Q

List some examples of endocrine glands.

A 
> pituitary
> thyroid
> pineal
> parathyroids
> adrenals
> gonads
> liver
> pancreas
28
Q

Ducts can be classified based on what?

A

> number of cells comprising the gland
absence or presence of ductal branching
shape of secretory portion

29
Q

Simple multicellular glands do not exhibit what?

A

> they do not exhibit ductal branching

30
Q

Ductal branching is characteristic of which types of glands?

A

> compound multicellular glands

31
Q

What are the possible shapes of the secretory portions of gland that are used to classify them?

A

> tubular
alveolar (acinar)
tubuloalveolar (-acinar)

32
Q

List the different types of tubular glands and a location for each.

A

> straight
» crypts of Lieberkuhn in large intestine

> coiled
» sweat glands of skin

> branched
» fundic , pyloric, and cardiac glands of the stomach

33
Q

The term acinar is synonymous with what other term for glandular shape?

A

> alveolar

34
Q

List some possible examples of alveolar (acinar) glands

A

> meibomian glands of eyelids

> sebaceous glands of skin

35
Q

List some examples of tubuloalveolar (-acinar) glands

A

> salivary gland
Brunner’s gland of duodenum
mucous glands of esophagus

36
Q

What are the simple glands?

A

> simple tubular
simple tubular coiled
simple tubular branched
simple alveolar (acinar)

37
Q

What are the branched glands?

A

> branched tubular
branched alveolar (acinar)
branched tubuloalveolar (-acinar)

38
Q

Characterize a serous secretion

A

> watery, enzyme-filled secretion

> example: parotid gland

39
Q

Characterize a mucous secretion

A

> thick, mucin containing secretion

40
Q

Characterize a mixed (serous-mucous) secretion

A

> secretion is a combination of serous and mucous
acinous is typically mostly mucous capped by a half-moos shaped group of serous cells forming a serous demilune
example: submandibular and sublingual glands

41
Q

Glands can also be characterized by mechanism of secretion. What are these?

A

> merrocrine (eccrine)
apocrine
holocrine

42
Q

Merocrine (eccrine)[mechanism of secretion]

A

> secretory product is typically stored in membrane-bound vesicles, and cytoplasm/cell membrane is retrieved in an exocytosis/endocytosis cycle

> includes most glands

43
Q

Apocrine (mechanism of secretion)

A

> apical cytoplasm is released along with secretory product

> example: axillary sweat glands

44
Q

Holcrine ( mechanism of action)

A

> entire cell is released as part of secretory product

> example: sebaceous gland

45
Q

Characteristics of the submandibular gland?

A

> both serous and mucous cells
serous cells form serous dumilune capping mucous acini
myoepithelial cells surround acini

46
Q

Characteristics of the sublingual gland?

A

> mucous acini (pale in appearance) (PAS+)
flattened nuclei at basal poles of cells
myoepithelial cells surround acini

47
Q

Characteristics of the parotid gland?

A

> serous acini
apical regions contain zymogen granules
RER predominates in basal regions of secretory cells

Histology (17 decks)

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