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My2 MSK > orthopaedics: foot and ankle > Flashcards

orthopaedics: foot and ankle Flashcards

1
Q

what is hallux valgus

A

inflammation bursa on medial metatarsal –> bunion

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2
Q

how does hallux valgus arise

A

joint is out of placed and rubs with shoe

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3
Q

who commonly gets hallux valgus

A

females, elderly, people with RA, inflamm arthritis and NM disease

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4
Q

what are the symptoms of hallux valgus

A

bunion, ulceration between big toe and second toe, hallux can override the second toe

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5
Q

what non-surgical treatment can be done for hallux valgus

A

wearing wider shoes and a spacer to prevent bunions and rubbing

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6
Q

what is hallux rigidus

A

OA of first MTPJ

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7
Q

how do you manage hallux rigidus conservatively

A

stuffed soled shoes, metal bar in shoes, removal of oseotphytes

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8
Q

how do you manage hallux rigidus surgically and what does it involve

A

arthrodesis (first line), fusing joints, no joint motion afterwards

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9
Q

what is morton’s neuroma

A

interdigital nerves on top of ligaments become damaged after repeated trauma, become inflammed and swollen and form a neuroma

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10
Q

what are symptoms of morton’s neuroma

A

pain and burning in affected toes, loss of sensation in web space, Mudler’s click test

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11
Q

how do you diagnose morton’s neuroma

A

USS

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12
Q

how do you treat morton’s neuroma

A

offloading insole, steroids and local anaesthetic injection, excision

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13
Q

where are you likely to get a metatarsal stress fracture

A

2nd and 3rd metatarsal

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14
Q

who gets metatarsal stress fracture

A

runners, soldiers, dancers, hill walkers

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15
Q

how do you identify metatarsal stress fracture

A

x rays and bone scans

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16
Q

how do you treat metatarsal stress fractures

A

rest and rigid sole boot

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17
Q

how do you get tendonitis

A

strain from sport, degenerative, quinolone ABs’, RA or inflamm arthropathies

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18
Q

what symptoms are there of tendonitis

A

pain at insertion of tendon tendon itself, swelling, eases with walking, morning stiffness

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19
Q

how do you treat tendonitis

A

normally self-limiting, physio, NSAIDs, heel raises, splint/ boot

20
Q

how do you treat tendonitis surgically

A

tendon decompression or rupture

21
Q

who normally gets achilles tendon rupture and how

A

middle aged/ older, sudden deceleration with resisted calf muscle

22
Q

what causes achilles tendon rupture (pathology)

A

degeneration or recurrent tendonitis

23
Q

how do you treat achilles tendon rupture non-operatively

A

casts –> good outcomes

24
Q

how do you treat achilles tendon rupture operatively

A

suture repair of damaged tendon, cast afterwards

25
Q

what causes plantar fasciitis

A

repetitive stress or degeneration

26
Q

what are symptoms of plant fasciitis

A

pain after rest, worse when exercising, tinkle’s test positive, localised tenderness on palpation site (heel and medial)

27
Q

what can cause plantar fasciitis

A

diabetes, obesity, poor cushioning, over exercise

28
Q

how do you treat plantar fasciitis

A

usually self-limiting, NSAIDs, physio, stretching, gel pads, steroid injections

29
Q

what do you never do in achilles tendonitis and why

A

steroid injection as it risks rupture

30
Q

what is flat foot

A

normal variation where medial arch does not develop

31
Q

what can cause flat foot

A

familial, ligament laxity

32
Q

what does flat foot increase risk of

A

tendonitis

33
Q

what are secondary causes of flat foot

A

tibialis posterior tendon rupture, RA, diabetes

34
Q

where does tibialis posterior tendon attach on to

A

medial navicular tuberosity and plantar cuneiforms

35
Q

what can cause tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction

A

flat foot, elderly, obese, diabetes, hypertension, steroids, inflam arthritis

36
Q

how can repeated stress cause tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction

A

stress –> tendonitis –> rupture

37
Q

how can RA cause tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction

A

RA –> synovitis –> rupture

38
Q

what are symptoms of tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction

A

pain and swelling in medial malleolus, harder to walk and balance esp uneven ground, hallux valgus, midfoot ankle pain

39
Q

how do you treat tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction

A

splint, physio, insole, surgical decompression

40
Q

what are complications of tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction

A

flat foot, OA of hindfoot

41
Q

what is pes cavus

A

normal variant causing abnormally high arch

42
Q

what neuromuscular conditions can cause pes cavus

A

sensory and motor neuropathy, cerebral palsy, polio, spina bifda

43
Q

what normally accompanies pes cavus

A

claw toes

44
Q

how do you treat pes cavus

A

soft tissue release and tendon transfer, severe need arthrodesis

45
Q

what causes claw and hammer toes

A

imbalance between flexor and extensor tendons causing hyperextension at joints

46
Q

what symptoms can be present with claw and hammer toes

A

can be painful and rub causing corns and bleeding

47
Q

what treatment can be done for claw and hammer toes

A

plasters and sleeves, tendon transfer, arthrodesis, amputation

My2 MSK (29 decks)

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