bone neoplasms Flashcards
name 7 benign bone neoplasms
osteochondroma, enchondroma, osetoid oesteoma, simple bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, giant cell tumour, fibrous dysplasia
what is an enchondroma
intramedullary cartilaginous tumour (usually metaphyseal)
what are the characteristics of a enchondroma
lucent, mineralisation with patchy appearance on X ray
what are the symptoms of enchondroma and where do they commonly present
usually incidental, can cause pathological fractures, femur, humerus, tibia and small bones of hands and feet
how do you treat enchondroma
curettage and bone graft
what is an osetoid osteoma
small area of immature bone surrounded by slcerotic halo
how does osetoid osteoma present (age, symptoms, bones)
adolescence, intense constant pain, worse at night, better with NSAIDs
how do you investigate and treat osetoid osteoma
X ray or bone scan or CT, radio ablation
what is a simple bone cyst and how does it occur
single cavity of benign fluid in bone - can be growth defects
how does simple bone cyst present (age, symptoms, bones)
children and young adults, accidental X ray finding, humerus and femur (metaphyseal), weakness ad fracture
how do you treat simple bone cyst
curettage and bone graft
what is an aneurysmal bone cysts, what are the symptoms, how do you investigate and treat
cyst filled with bone and serum, locally aggressive and painful, pathological bone fractures,
how do you investigate and treat aneurysmal bone cyst
X ray, curettage and bone graft
where do giant cell tumours usually present
KNEE, radius, pelvis spine (occasional met –> lungs)
describe how Giant cell tumours present
locally aggressive, painful, fractures
how do you investigate and treat giant cell tumours
X ray –> soap bubble appearance, excision and maybe joint replacement
what is fibrous dysplasia
genetic mutation –> fibrous tissue and immature bone, mineralisation makes bone wider.
how does fibrous dysplasia present
sheperds crook deformity on X ray, stress fractures
how do you treat fibrous dysplasia
bisphosphonates, bone graft (excision alone –> reoccurrence)
what is an osteochondroma
most common benign bone tumour, bony outgrowth on cartilaginous cap on epiphysis of long bones esp knee
how does osteochondroma present and how would you treat
local pain, resection/ excision
name 4 malignant bone tumours
osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, ewing’s sarcoma
who normally gets osteosarcoma, and how does it spread
children spreads through blood (pulm mets common)
where does osteosarcoma present (bones) and what are the symptoms
knee, femur, humerus, pelvis, constant pain worse at night, weight/ appetite loss, fatigue
how do you treat osteosarcoma
chemo (radio ineffective)
what is a chondrosarcoma and who gets it
cartilage, less common or aggressive than osteo, older age groups
where does chondrosarcoma present and what are the symptoms
pelvis and femur, back/ thigh pain, sciatica, oedema, large and slow growing
what is a ewings sarcoma, who gets it and what is the prognosis
bone marrow, poorest prognosis, aged 10-20
what are the symptoms of ewings sarcoma
fever, inflamm warm swelling
how do you treat ewings sarcome
surgery –> amputations, additional chemo and radio
what cancers commonly metastasise to bone
breast, prostate, lung renal, thyroid
how do benign soft tissue neoplasms usually present
small, fluctuate in size, well defined, fluid. filled, soft and fatty
how do malignant soft tissue neoplasms usually present
larger >5cm, rapid growth, ill definied, irregular, solid, systemic symptoms
what is the most common soft tissue tumour
lipoma
what are the 3 types of rhabdomyosarcoma
embryonal (kids), alveolar (older), pleomorphic
where do ganglion cysts normally present
herniation of synovial joint at tendon sheath - wrist, knee, foot, ankle
what is a ganglion cyst of the knee called and what can cause it
Baker’s cyst - OA
