Organizational Behaviour - Chapter 8 Flashcards
are groups of two or more people who interact and influence each other, are mutually accountable for achieving common goals associated with organizational objectives.
Teams
What are the 4 reasons teams exist?
1) Exist to fulfill some purpose
2) Team members are held together by their interdependence and need for collaboration to achieve common goals.
3) Team members influence each other, although some members may be more influential than others regarding the team’s goals and activities.
4) a team exists when its members perceive themselves to be a team.
Teams that consist of employees who have similar or complementary skills and are located in the same unit of a functional structure; usually minimal task interdependence because each person works with employees in other departments.
Departmental team
Typically multiskilled (employees have diverse competencies), team members collectively produce a common product/ service or make ongoing decisions
Production/service/leadership teams
Similar to production/service teams except (1) they are organized around work processes that complete an entire piece of work requiring several interdependent tasks, and (2) they have substantial autonomy over the execution of those tasks (i.e. they usually control inputs, flow, and outputs with little or no supervision)
Self-Directed teams
Usually multiskilled, temporary teams whose assignment is to solve a problem, realize an opportunity, or design a product or service.
Task force (project) teams
Similar to task forces, these highly skilled teams are formed for a short duration and given considerable autonomy to resolve an urgent problem or opportunity, such as solving an emergency or crisis
Action teams
Teams that provide recommendations to decision makers; include committees, advisory councils, work councils, and review panels; may be temporary, but often permanent, some with a frequent rotation of members.
Advisory teams
Multiskilled teams that are usually located away from the organization and are relatively free of its hierarchy; often initiated by an entrepreneurial team leader who borrows people and resources (bootlegging) to design a product or service.
Skunkworks
Teams whose members operate across space, time, and organizational boundaries and are linked through information technologies to achieve organizational tasks; may be a temporary task force or permanent service team
Virtual teams
Teams (but often informal groups) bound together by shared expertise and passion for a particular activity or interest; main purpose is to share information; often rely on information technologies as the main source of interaction.
Communities of practice
What are four reasons that informal groups exist?
1) One reason is that human beings are social animals
2) social identity theory, which states that individuals define themselves by their group affiliations
3) they accomplish personal objectives that cannot be achieved by individuals working alone
4) we are comforted by the mere presence of other people and are therefore motivated to be near them in stressful situations
What are some advantages of a team?
1) more motivated when working in teams than when working- alone
2) people are more motivated in teams because they are accountable to fellow team members
3) under some circumstances, performance improves when employees work near others because co-workers become benchmarks of comparison
resources (including time and energy) expended toward team development and maintenance rather than the task
Process losses
that adding more people to a late software project only makes it later
Brooks’s law
What are some disadvantages of a team?
1) Process losses
2) social loafing
when people exert less effort (and usually perform at a lower level) in teams than when working alone
Social loafing
what makes up the team effectiveness model?
1) Org and team environment
2) Team design
3) Team States
4) Team process
5) Team effectiveness
What makes up organization and team environment?
1) Rewards
2) Communication
3) Organizational structure
4) Organizational leadership
5) Physical space
What makes up team design?
1) team characteristics
2) Team size
3) Team composition
What makes up team states?
1) norms
2) Cohesion
3) Team efficacy
4) Team trust
What makes up team processes?
1) task work
2) team work
3) Boundary spanning
What makes up team effectivenesss?
1) Accomplish tasks
2) Satisfy member needs
3) Maintain team survival
the extent to which team members must share materials, information, or expertise to perform their jobs
Task interdependence
What are the 3 levels of interdependence?
1) Pooled interdependence
2) Sequential Interdependence
3) Reciprocal interdependence
occurs when an employee or work unit shares a common resource
Pooled interdependence
the output of one person becomes the direct input for another person or unit
Sequential Interdependence
work output is exchanged back and forth among individuals, produces the highest degree of interdependence
Reciprocal interdependence
Effective team members are willing and able to work together rather than alone
Cooperating
Effective team members actively manage the team’s work so that it is performed efficiently and harmoniously
Coordinating
Effective team members transmit information freely
Communicating
Effective team members help co-workers to maintain a positive and healthy psychological state
Comforting
Conflict is inevitable in social settings, so effective team members have the skills and motivation to resolve disagreements among team members
Conflict resolving
What are the 5 C’s of team competencies?
1) cooperating
2) Coordinating
3) Communicating
4) Comforting
5) Conflict resolving
What are some process-based team roles?
1) Organizaer
2) Doer
3) Challenger
4) Innovator
5) Team Builder
6) Connector
are the informal rules and shared expectations that groups establish to regulate the behaviour of their members
Norms
refers to the degree of attraction people feel toward the team and their motivation to remain members
Team cohesion
What are the influences on team cohesion?
1) Member similarity
2) Team size
3) Member interaction
4) Somewhat difficult entry
5) Team success
6) External competition and challenges
which is the shared perception among team members about the team’s overall level of capability
Team efficacy
What are the three foundations that trust is built on?
1) Calculus
2) Knowledge
3) Identification
This foundation represents a logical calculation that other team members will act appropriately because they face sanctions if their actions violate reasonable expecta- tions
Calculus-based trust
This form of trust is based on the predictability of another team member’s behaviour
Knowledge-based trust
This foundation is based on mutual understanding and an emotional bond among team members
Identification-based trust
refers to the interactions and activities that occur within a team as it works toward its goal
team processes
activities that are devoted to enhancing the quality of the interactions, interdependencies, cooperation, and coordination of teams
teamwork behaviour
team members’ efforts that are devoted to understanding the task requirements
taskwork behavior
team actions that establish or enhance linkages and manage interactions with parties in the external environment
Team boundary spanning
What makes up the 5 stage model of team development?
1) Forming
2) Storming
3) Norming
4) Performing
5) Adjourning
the first stage of team development is a period of testing and orientation in which members learn about each other and evaluate the benefits and costs of continued membership
Forming
marked by interpersonal conflict as members become more proactive and compete for various team roles
Storming
the team develops its first real sense of cohesion as roles are established and a consensus forms around group objectives and a common or complementary team-based mental model
Norming
team members have learned to efficiently coordinate and resolve conflicts
Performing
when the team is about to disband
Adjourning
consists of formal activities intended to improve the development and functioning of a work team
Team Building
are cross-functional groups that are organized around work processes, complete an entire piece of work requiring several interdependent tasks, and have substantial autonomy over the execution of those tasks
Self-directed teams (SDTs
are teams whose members operate across space, time, and organizational boundaries and are linked though information technologies to achieve organizational tasks
Virtual teams
What are the 5 constraints on team decision making?
1) Team Constraints
2) Evaluation Apprehension
3) Pressure to conform
4) Overconfidence (Inflated team efficacy)
5) Information sharing problem
what are the five-team structures that encourage creativity in a team setting?
1) brainstorming
2) brainwriting
3) electronic brainstorming
4) nominal group technique
5) allocation of roles
