Organizational Behaviour - Chapter 3

Question 1

Refers to an individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluations

Answer 1

Self-Concept

Question 2

What are the three characterstics an individual’s self concept can be described as?

Answer 2

Complexity
Consistency
Clarity

Question 3

People are inherently motivated to perceive themselves as competent, attractive, lucky, ethical and important

Answer 3

Self-Enhancement

Question 4

Individuals try to confirm and maintain their existing self-concept

Answer 4

Self-verfication

Question 5

What are the three elements that make up self-evaluation

Answer 5

Self-Esteem
Self-Efficacy
Locus of control

Question 6

the extent to which people like, respect, and are satisfied with themselves

Answer 6

Self-esteem

Question 7

Refers to a person’s belief that he or she can successfully complete a task

Answer 7

Self-Efficacy

Question 8

a person’s general beliefs about the amount of control he or she has over personal life events

Answer 8

locus of control

Question 9

we define ourselves by the groups to which we belong or have an emotional attachment

Answer 9

social identity theory

Question 10

the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us

Answer 10

Perception

Question 11

the process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information

Answer 11

selective attention

Question 12

the nonconscious tendency for people to screen out information that is contrary to their decisions, beliefs, values, and assumptions

Answer 12

Confirmation bias

Question 13

the mostly nonconscious process of organizing people and objects into preconceived categories that are stored in our long-term memory

Answer 13

Categorical thinking

Question 14

Knowledge structures that we develop to describe, explain, and predict the world around us

Answer 14

Mental models

Question 15

The perceptual process in which we assign characteristics to an identifiable group and then automatically transfer those features to anyone we believe is a member of that group

Answer 15

Stereotyping

Question 16

Why do people stereotype?

Answer 16

• Easier to remember features of a stereotype than the constellation of characteristics unique to everyone we meet
• we have an innate need to understand and anticipate how others will behave
• Motivated by the observer’s own need for social identity and self-enhancement

Question 17

Social identity is a comparative process, and the comparison begins by categorizing people into distinct groups.

Answer 17

Categorization

Question 18

To simplify the comparison process, we tend to think that people within each group are very similar to each other

Answer 18

Homogenization

Question 19

A phenomenon whereby members of a stereotyped group are concerned that they might exhibit a negative feature of the stereotype

Answer 19

Stereotype threat

Question 20

What are some problems with stereotyping?

Answer 20

• Do not accurately describe every person in a social category
• Stereotype threat
• lays the foundation for discriminatory attitudes and behaviour

Question 21

What are the three attritibution theory rules?

Answer 21

• Consistency
• Distinctiveness
• Consensus

Question 22

The tendency to attribute our failures to external causes more than internal causes, while crediting our success more to internal than external factors

Answer 22

Self-Serving Bias

Question 23

the tendency to overemphasize internal causes of another person’s behavior and to discount or ignore external causes of their behavior

Answer 23

Fundamental attribution error

Question 24

When our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations

Answer 24

Self-Fulfilling prophecy

Question 25

What are the four steps in the self-fulfilling prophecy cycle?

Answer 25

1. Supervisor forms expectations about the employee
2. Supervisor’s expectations affect his/her behaviour toward the employee
3. Supervisor’s behaviour affects the employee’s ability and motivation (self-confidence)
4. Employee’s behaviour becomes more consistent with the supervisor’s intial expectations

Question 26

when our general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristic, distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person.

Answer 26

Halo effect

Question 27

occurs when people overestimate the extent to which others have similar beliefs or behaviors to their own

Answer 27

False-Consensus effect

Question 28

our tendency to quickly form an opinion of people on the basis of the first information we receive about them

Answer 28

Primacy Effect

Question 29

Occurs when the most recent information dominates our perceptions

Answer 29

Recency effect

Question 30

What are the four windows in the Johari window?

Answer 30

• Open Area
• Blind Area
• Unknown Area
• Hidden Area

Question 31

An individual’s ability to perceive, know about, and process information across cultures.

Answer 31

Global mindset

Question 32

What does a global mindset include?

Answer 32

1. An awareness of, openness to, and respect for other views and practices in the world
2. The capacity to emphathize and act effectively across cultures
3. the ability to process complex information about novel environment
4. the ability to comprehend and reconcile intercultural matters with multiple levels of thinking.