Organisation - Principles

Question 1

what are cells

Answer 1

the building blocks that make up all living organisms

Question 2

what are tissues

Answer 2

a group of similar cells which work together to perform a certain function, can include more than one type of cell

Question 3

examples of tissues

Answer 3

• muscular tissues which contract
• glandular tissues which make chemicals like enzymes and hormones
• epithelial tissues which covers some parts of the body like inside the gut

Question 4

what are organs

Answer 4

a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

Question 5

what is an organ system

Answer 5

a group of organs working together to perform a particular function

Question 6

how do tissues in the stomach work

Answer 6

muscular tissue moves the stomach wall to churn up the food

• glandular tissue which makes digestive juices to digest food
• epithelial tissue covers the outside and inside of the stomach

Question 7

whats an organelle

Answer 7

A specialised unit within a cell which performs a specific function

Question 8

what is an example of an organ system

Answer 8

the digestive system

Question 9

what does the stomach do in the digestive system

Answer 9

• produces protease enzyme and pepsin
• produces HCl to kill bacteria and to give it the right pH for protease enzyme to work
• digests food

Question 10

what does the pancreas do in the digestive system do in the digestive system

Answer 10

produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes
- releases these into the small intestine

Question 11

what do the salivary glands do in the digestive system

Answer 11

they produce amylase enzymes in the saliva

Question 12

what does the liver do in the digestive system

Answer 12

• where bile is produced

Question 13

what does bile do

Answer 13

is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It is alkaline to
neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It also emulsifies fat
to form small droplets which increases the surface area.
- The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by
lipase

Question 14

what does the gallbladder do in digestive system

Answer 14

• stores bile before it’s ready to be released into the small intestine

Question 15

what does the large intestine do in the digestive system

Answer 15

absorbs excess water from the food

Question 16

what does the small intestine do in the digestive system

Answer 16

• produces protease. lipase and amylase enzymes to complete digestion
• also where digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system and into the blood

Question 17

what does the rectum do in the digestive system

Answer 17

where the faeces are stored

Question 18

describe how the small intestine is adapted for efficient absorption

Answer 18

• villi projections provide a large surface area
• many capillaries to maintain concentration gradient
• small intestine is very long, increasing time for absorption
• good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
• cells have many mitochondria for energy release for active transport

Question 19

what are organelles

Answer 19

a specialised unit within a cell which performs a specific function

Question 20

what do carbs do and what foods are they found in

Answer 20

• theyre our main source of energy and found in foods such as potatoes, rice, bread

Question 21

what do proteins do and what foods are they found in

Answer 21

• they are responsible for the growth and repair of cells
• they are found in foods such as meat, eggs, beans

Question 22

what do lipids do and what foods are they found in

Answer 22

• they make up parts of cell membranes so are essential for growth
• found in foods such as butter, meat, nuts, seeds

Question 23

why must large molecules such as starch be broken down before it enters the digestive system

Answer 23

because theyre too large to pass through the gut

Question 24

what is egestion

Answer 24

the process of passing out food that hasnt been digestd

Question 25

what are glucose molecules used for in the body

Answer 25

• used for respiration
• reassembled into the storage form of carbohydrate in animals - glycogen

Question 26

what are proteins made up of

Answer 26

amino acids

Question 27

what does the digestive system do

Answer 27

break large molecules into smaller ones to be absorbed into the bloodstream

Question 28

what does the churning action of stomach muscles do

Answer 28

turns the food into a fluid, increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest

Question 29

how is the small intestine adapted for efficient absorption

Answer 29

• it is long, providing a very large surface area for absorption of the products of digestion
• the interior of the small intestine is covered with millions of villi, which massively increase surface area for absorption
• villi have a good blood supply, so the bloodstream rapidly removes the products of digestion, which increases the concentration gradient
• villi have a thin membrane which shortens the diffusion path

Question 30

if molecules cant be absorbed by diffusion, what are they absorbed by

Answer 30

active transport