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AQA Biology GCSE > Infection and response - Communicable diseases > Flashcards

Infection and response - Communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

what are bacteria

A

very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body

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3
Q

how do bacteria make you ill

A
  • they make you feel ill by producing toxins toxins that damage your tissues
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4
Q

what are viruses

A

non - living particles which can reproduce rapidly inside your body

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5
Q

how do viruses make you ill

A
  • they invade a host cell
  • they then reproduce inside the host cell
  • when the virus leaves the cell, it can cause the cell to burst open and die
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6
Q

what are protists

A

single celled eukaryotes which make us feel ill by damaging tissues

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7
Q

what are fungi

A

single celled organisms that have a body made of hyphae

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8
Q

how does hyphae make you ill

A

can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing disease

  • can also produce spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals
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9
Q

name the 3 ways pathogens can be spread

A
  • air
  • water
  • direct contact
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10
Q

describe how pathogens can be spread through water

A
  • pathogens can be picked up by drinking or bathing in dirty water - e.g - cholera is a bacterial infection caused by drinking dirty water
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11
Q

describe how pathogens can be spread through air

A
  • pathogens can be carried by the air and breathed in
  • some are carried in droplets produced when you cough or sneeze - e.g - influenza virus
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12
Q

describe how pathogens can be spread through direct contact

A
  • pathogens can be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces - e.g athletes foot
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13
Q

what are the three viral diseases I need to know

A

measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus

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14
Q

Measles, what it is, how its spread ,symptoms and preventions

A
  • it’s a viral disease spread by droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough
  • symptoms include red skin rash, fever
  • can be very serious, can lead to pneumonia or inflammation of the brain
  • most people are vaccinated against measles when they’re young to prevent it
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15
Q

HIV , what it is, how it’s spread, symptoms and preventions

A
  • its a virus spread by sexual contact or by exchanging bodily fluids such as blood ( sharing needles )
  • causes flu like symptoms for a few weeks, they then don’t experience any other symptoms for a few years, during this time, HIV can be controlled with antiretroviral drugs
  • this virus attacks the immune cells, if it’s too damaged . it can’t deal with other infections or cancers, at this stage, the virus is known as aids
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16
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus causes diseases etc

A
  • its a virus that affects many species of plant
  • mostly tomato plants
  • causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plant and causes the leaves to become discoloured
  • meaning the rate of photosynthesis is reduced, so the plants growth is reduced
17
Q

what is rose black spot

A
  • fungal disease that causes purple or black spots on the leaves of rose plants, this makes the leaves turn yellow and drop off
  • this means less photosynthesis , which means the plant doesnt grow very well
  • fungus spreads by water or wind
  • can be treated by using fungicides or cutting off and destroying affected leaves so fungus doesn’t spread to other rose plants
18
Q

malaria, how its spread etc

A
  • caused by protists
  • mosquitoes ( vectors ) pick up the protist and gives it to whatever animal it feeds on by inserting it into the animals blood vessels
  • causes fever, headaches, muscle aches,can be fatal
  • can be stopped by stopping mosquitoes from breeding or using insecticides and mosquito nets
19
Q

what bacterial diseases do I need to know

A

gonorrhoea and salmonella

20
Q

gonorrhoea, how its spread etc

A
  • sexually transmitted disease
  • caused by bacteria
  • pain when urinating, yellow or green discharge
  • prevented by using protection or using antibiotics
  • also prevented if you get tested for gonorrhoea after having unprotected sex
21
Q

why is it harder to treat gonorrhoea with antibiotics

A

some strains of bacteria have become resistant to it

22
Q

salmonella, how its spread etc

A
  • type of bacteria which causes food poisoning
  • symptoms include vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, stomach cramps
  • caught by eating food which has been contaminated with salmonella bacteria like eating raw chicken or chicken that had been contaminated by being prepared in unhygienic conditions
  • in the UK, poultry is vaccinated against salmonella
23
Q

how can basic hygiene reduce/ prevent the spread of disease

A

for example, washing your hands after you sneeze gets rid of bacteria, stopping you from infecting another person

24
Q

how can destroying vectors reduce / prevent the spread of disease

A

prevents the disease from being passed on as they cannot breed

25
Q

how can isolation reduce / prevent the spread of diseases

A

isolating someone with a communicable disease prevents them from passing it to anyone else

26
Q

how does vaccination prevent the spread of diseases

A

makes you never get the disease

27
Q

what is the vector for malaria

A

female anopheles mosquito

28
Q

what is the difference between viruses and bacteria

A

viruses cannot reproduce by themselves, they can only reproduce inside a host cell

29
Q

ways to reduce the spread of pathogens

A
  • drink clean water
  • practising basic hygiene like washing hands
  • using protection
  • isolation
  • vaccination
30
Q

how are viral diseases treated

A

using antiretroviral drugs, to stop the virus from multiplying inside the patient, so it doesn’t damage the patients immune system

31
Q

disadvantages of antiretroviral drugs

A
  • they are not a cure for HIV
  • must be taken for the rest of patients life
32
Q

describe the life cycle of the malaria vector

A
  1. infected person is bitten by a mosquito
  2. The malaria pathogen passes into the mosqito
  3. mosquito then bites another person and gives them the disease
33
Q

how to reduce the spread of malaria

A
  • spray areas of still water with insecticide, so that they cant breed
  • drain areas of still water
  • use a mosquito net when sleeping

AQA Biology GCSE (36 decks)

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