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AQA Biology GCSE > Organisation - non communicable diseases > Flashcards

Organisation - non communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens when you have coronary heart disease

A

when the coronary arteries which supply o2 to the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up
- causes narrow arteries, blood flow is restricted and lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, this can result in a heart attack

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2
Q

what are stents

A

tubes that are inserted into arteries which keep them open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscle, this keeps the persons heart beating

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3
Q

advantages and disadvantages of stents

A
  • effective for a long time, recovery time from surgery is relatively quick

disadvantages

  • risk of complications during the operation
  • risk of blood clotting near the stent ( thrombosis )
  • does not treat the underlying causes of the disease
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4
Q

what are statins

A

drugs that reduce cholesterol in the blood, slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming

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5
Q

why are statins used

A

because having too much cholesterol in the blood can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries, which can lead to coronary heart disease

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6
Q

advantages of statins

A
  • reduces the risk of stroke, coronary heart disease and heart attack
  • increases the amount of “good” cholesterol called HDL cholesterol which can remove the bad cholesterol
  • other studies suggest that statins can help prevent other diseases
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7
Q

what is considered bad cholesterol

A

LDL cholesterol

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8
Q

disadvantages of statins

A
  • long term drug that must be taken regularly, risk that someone could forget to take them
  • can cause negative side effects like headaches, liver damage, kidney failure, memory loss
  • effects of statins isn’t instant, it takes time for the effect to kick in
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9
Q

what are artificial hearts

A

mechanical pumps which pumps blood for a patient whose had heart failure

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10
Q

advantages of artificial hearts

A

less likely to be rejected by the body as they’re made of metals or plastic

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11
Q

disadvantages of artificial hearts

A
  • surgery to fit it can lead to bleeding and infection
  • parts of the heart can wear out
  • regularly replaced
  • blood doesn’t flow through these smoothly and this could lead to strokes and blood clotting, patients take drugs to thin their blood to prevent this
  • transplant needs immunosuppressant drugs
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12
Q

how can heart valves be replaced

A

with biological or mechanical valves

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13
Q

what happens when valve tissues are damaged

A
  • causes valve tissue to stiffen, won’t open properly or may become leaky, causing blood to flow in both directions
  • deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix
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14
Q

examples of risk factors

A

diet, stress, life situations

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15
Q

what is health

A

the state of physical or mental wellbeing

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16
Q

what are risk factors

A

Risk factors are factors that increase the probability of developing a disease

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17
Q

what diseases does smoking lead to

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • lung disease
  • lung cancer as it damages the walls of arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs
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18
Q

what diseases does alcohol cause

A
  • liver disease

- can damage nerve cells in the brain

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19
Q

what is cancer caused by

A

uncontrollable cell growth and division

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20
Q

what is a tumour

A

a mass of cells

21
Q

what is a benign tumour

A

where a tumour grows until there’s no more room, stays in one place rather than invading other tissues in the body, this is not cancerous

22
Q

what is a malignant tumour

A

where a tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues

  • calls can break off and spread to other parts of the body via the bloodstream
  • form secondary tumours
  • these are dangerous and cancerous
23
Q

what can obesity cause

A

bowel, liver, kidney cancers

24
Q

what can UV exposure cause

A

skin cancer

25
Q

explain how someone with stomach cancer can develop liver cancer

A
  • if cancer is malignant then the cancer cells can spread to another organ via the bloodstream and form a secondary tumour
26
Q

Explain why someone with coeliac disease might have problems with growing

tip- coeliac disease damages the lining of the small intestine when foods containing gluten are eaten

A
  • damaged villi reduces surface area for absorption
  • fewer amino acids and glucose absorbed
  • with less glucose, transfer of energy from respiration is reduced
  • so fewer amino acids are available to build new proteins
27
Q

explain why someone with leaky valves may have difficulty exercising

A
  • leaky valves cause backflow of blood
  • this will mean less blood flows into the heart, meaning less oxygen is supplied to the muscle
  • therefore, less aerobic respiration takes place and more anaerobic respiration takes place
  • less efficient removal of lactic acid so oxygen debt occurs causing muscle fatigue
28
Q

evaluate the use of biological vs mechanical valves

A

mechanical valves
advantages - long lasting, don’t wear out as easily, less likely to need replacing (within 6 years)
disadvantages - blood clots (on the brain) are more likely (after surgery) patient has to take anti-clotting medication, these medications can also cause excessive bleeding

biological valves
advantages- no medication needed after surgeryethical disadvantages-
issues surrounding use of animal tissue
• valve may harden
• more likely to need further operation or another new valve
• more likely to be rejected
• more likely to need (immuno-suppressant) medication

29
Q

explain how diabetes can cause the body cells to lose more water

A
  • the blood is more concentrated than the solution in the cells
  • water moves out of the cells by osmosis and moves through a partially permeable membrane
30
Q

explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low concentration of oxygen

A
  • concentration gradient of oxygen is shallower
  • less oxygen diffuses into the blood
  • less aerobic respiration occurs
  • Less metabolism
31
Q

explain how having pancreatic cancer may cause someone to lose weight

A
  • no enzymes produced in the pancreas
  • food is not broken down fully
  • less glucose passed into bloodstream
  • more body fat will be used in metabolism and respiration
32
Q

what are cardiovascular diseases

A

diseases of the heart and blood vessels

33
Q

what happens when valves do not fully open

A
  • heart has to pump extra harder to get blood through
  • causes it to enlarge
34
Q

disadvantages of donated heart

A
  • there are not enough to treat every patient
  • patient must take immunosuppressants to stop the heart from being rejected by the immune system
35
Q

what is the role of the genes in the nucleus in mitosis

A

they tell cells when to divide and when to stop dividing

36
Q

risk factors for cancer

A

genetics - can be seen with breast, prostate and large intestine cancer

lifestyle - lung cancer (smoking) skin cancer ( exposure to UV) mouth and throat cancer ( drinking alcohol)

37
Q

what is radon and why is it a risk factor

A
  • a radioactive gas that increases risk of lung cancer
  • releases ionising radiation which damages DNA in our cells
  • this can cause our cells to undergo uncontrolled cell division leading to cancer
38
Q

things that can have a negative effect on health

A
  • poor diet
  • high levels of stress
  • life situation
39
Q

examples of diseases that can be triggered by the immune system

A
  • asthma or allergies
  • the body is infected with a pathogen and the immune system fights it off, but the person is left with an allergy
40
Q

what is the studying of patterns of diseases to determine risk factors called

A

epidemiology

41
Q

what is a casual mechanism

A

when scientists look at how a risk factor can cause a disease

42
Q

what are carcinogens

A

chemicals which damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer

43
Q

what are problems with sampling

A
  • can be biased
  • does not represent the whole population
44
Q

how can we avoid being biased when sampling

A
  • make the sample as large and as random as possible
45
Q

risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A
  • diet high in fat and low in vegetables (can increase certain types of cholesterol in blood) and increases the rate that fatty acids build up in the arteried
  • diet high in salt can increase blood pressure
  • smoking
46
Q

what other diseases can smoking be a risk factor for

A

emphysema

47
Q

what are some effects of smoking while pregnant

A
  • increases risk of miscarriage and premature birth
  • Can lead to the baby being born with a low body mass
48
Q

What are the effects of drinking alcohol when pregnant?

A
  • can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome, and children born with this condition can have learning difficulties
49
Q

Drinking alcohol is a risk factor for what other diseases?

A

Liver, cirrhosis and liver cancer
- memory loss

AQA Biology GCSE (36 decks)

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