Organisation - non communicable diseases Flashcards
what happens when you have coronary heart disease
when the coronary arteries which supply o2 to the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up
- causes narrow arteries, blood flow is restricted and lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, this can result in a heart attack
what are stents
tubes that are inserted into arteries which keep them open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscle, this keeps the persons heart beating
advantages and disadvantages of stents
- effective for a long time, recovery time from surgery is relatively quick
disadvantages
- risk of complications during the operation
- risk of blood clotting near the stent ( thrombosis )
- does not treat the underlying causes of the disease
what are statins
drugs that reduce cholesterol in the blood, slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming
why are statins used
because having too much cholesterol in the blood can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries, which can lead to coronary heart disease
advantages of statins
- reduces the risk of stroke, coronary heart disease and heart attack
- increases the amount of “good” cholesterol called HDL cholesterol which can remove the bad cholesterol
- other studies suggest that statins can help prevent other diseases
what is considered bad cholesterol
LDL cholesterol
disadvantages of statins
- long term drug that must be taken regularly, risk that someone could forget to take them
- can cause negative side effects like headaches, liver damage, kidney failure, memory loss
- effects of statins isn’t instant, it takes time for the effect to kick in
what are artificial hearts
mechanical pumps which pumps blood for a patient whose had heart failure
advantages of artificial hearts
less likely to be rejected by the body as they’re made of metals or plastic
disadvantages of artificial hearts
- surgery to fit it can lead to bleeding and infection
- parts of the heart can wear out
- regularly replaced
- blood doesn’t flow through these smoothly and this could lead to strokes and blood clotting, patients take drugs to thin their blood to prevent this
- transplant needs immunosuppressant drugs
how can heart valves be replaced
with biological or mechanical valves
what happens when valve tissues are damaged
- causes valve tissue to stiffen, won’t open properly or may become leaky, causing blood to flow in both directions
- deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix
examples of risk factors
diet, stress, life situations
what is health
the state of physical or mental wellbeing
what are risk factors
Risk factors are factors that increase the probability of developing a disease
what diseases does smoking lead to
- cardiovascular disease
- lung disease
- lung cancer as it damages the walls of arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs
what diseases does alcohol cause
- liver disease
- can damage nerve cells in the brain
what is cancer caused by
uncontrollable cell growth and division
what is a tumour
a mass of cells
what is a benign tumour
where a tumour grows until there’s no more room, stays in one place rather than invading other tissues in the body, this is not cancerous
what is a malignant tumour
where a tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues
- calls can break off and spread to other parts of the body via the bloodstream
- form secondary tumours
- these are dangerous and cancerous
what can obesity cause
bowel, liver, kidney cancers
what can UV exposure cause
skin cancer
explain how someone with stomach cancer can develop liver cancer
- if cancer is malignant then the cancer cells can spread to another organ via the bloodstream and form a secondary tumour
Explain why someone with coeliac disease might have problems with growing
tip- coeliac disease damages the lining of the small intestine when foods containing gluten are eaten
- damaged villi reduces surface area for absorption
- fewer amino acids and glucose absorbed
- with less glucose, transfer of energy from respiration is reduced
- so fewer amino acids are available to build new proteins
explain why someone with leaky valves may have difficulty exercising
- leaky valves cause backflow of blood
- this will mean less blood flows into the heart, meaning less oxygen is supplied to the muscle
- therefore, less aerobic respiration takes place and more anaerobic respiration takes place
- less efficient removal of lactic acid so oxygen debt occurs causing muscle fatigue
evaluate the use of biological vs mechanical valves
mechanical valves
advantages - long lasting, don’t wear out as easily, less likely to need replacing (within 6 years)
disadvantages - blood clots (on the brain) are more likely (after surgery) patient has to take anti-clotting medication, these medications can also cause excessive bleeding
biological valves
advantages- no medication needed after surgeryethical disadvantages-
issues surrounding use of animal tissue
• valve may harden
• more likely to need further operation or another new valve
• more likely to be rejected
• more likely to need (immuno-suppressant) medication
explain how diabetes can cause the body cells to lose more water
- the blood is more concentrated than the solution in the cells
- water moves out of the cells by osmosis and moves through a partially permeable membrane
explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low concentration of oxygen
- concentration gradient of oxygen is shallower
- less oxygen diffuses into the blood
- less aerobic respiration occurs
- Less metabolism
explain how having pancreatic cancer may cause someone to lose weight
- no enzymes produced in the pancreas
- food is not broken down fully
- less glucose passed into bloodstream
- more body fat will be used in metabolism and respiration
what are cardiovascular diseases
diseases of the heart and blood vessels
what happens when valves do not fully open
- heart has to pump extra harder to get blood through
- causes it to enlarge
disadvantages of donated heart
- there are not enough to treat every patient
- patient must take immunosuppressants to stop the heart from being rejected by the immune system
what is the role of the genes in the nucleus in mitosis
they tell cells when to divide and when to stop dividing
risk factors for cancer
genetics - can be seen with breast, prostate and large intestine cancer
lifestyle - lung cancer (smoking) skin cancer ( exposure to UV) mouth and throat cancer ( drinking alcohol)
what is radon and why is it a risk factor
- a radioactive gas that increases risk of lung cancer
- releases ionising radiation which damages DNA in our cells
- this can cause our cells to undergo uncontrolled cell division leading to cancer
things that can have a negative effect on health
- poor diet
- high levels of stress
- life situation
examples of diseases that can be triggered by the immune system
- asthma or allergies
- the body is infected with a pathogen and the immune system fights it off, but the person is left with an allergy
what is the studying of patterns of diseases to determine risk factors called
epidemiology
what is a casual mechanism
when scientists look at how a risk factor can cause a disease
what are carcinogens
chemicals which damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer
what are problems with sampling
- can be biased
- does not represent the whole population
how can we avoid being biased when sampling
- make the sample as large and as random as possible
risk factors for cardiovascular disease
- diet high in fat and low in vegetables (can increase certain types of cholesterol in blood) and increases the rate that fatty acids build up in the arteried
- diet high in salt can increase blood pressure
- smoking
what other diseases can smoking be a risk factor for
emphysema
what are some effects of smoking while pregnant
- increases risk of miscarriage and premature birth
- Can lead to the baby being born with a low body mass
What are the effects of drinking alcohol when pregnant?
- can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome, and children born with this condition can have learning difficulties
Drinking alcohol is a risk factor for what other diseases?
Liver, cirrhosis and liver cancer
- memory loss
