Organisation- Heart, lungs & Blood Vessels Flashcards
The circulatory system is made of ________, ______, ___________ and the _____.
The circulatory system is made of arteries, veins, capillaries and the heart.
Arteries are specialised with _____ ________ walls and a _____ _____.
Arteries are specialised with thick elastic walls and a small lumen.
_________ _____ are only ___ cell thick, so there is a short distance for diffusion.
Capillary walls are only one cell thick, so there is a short distance for diffusion.
Veins have ______, thin and less _______ walls and a _____ lumen.
Veins have valves, thin and less elastic walls and a large lumen.
The main structure of the heart includes the a____, vena ____, pulmonary a_____,
pulmonary v___, v_____, a____ and v_________.
The main structure of the heart includes the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery,
pulmonary vein, valves, atria and ventricles.
_____ ____ is controlled by a group of cells that act as a pacemaker.
Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells that act as a pacemaker.
The pace maker cells are located in the _____ ______.
The pace maker cells are located in the right atrium.
Blood contains r__ _____ cells, w____ _____ cells, p________ and p_____.
Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
Red blood cells _____ _______ from the lungs to the ____ _____.
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
White blood cells _______ _________.
White blood cells destroy pathogens.
Platelets ____ the blood.
Platelets clot the blood.
Plasma is the ______ ____ of the blood which is used to _________ substances.
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood which is used to transport substances.
what type of circulatory system do fish have
a single circulatory system
what type of circulatory system do humans have
a double circulatory system
explain the pathway of the blood in the human circulatory system (what type of blood where does it go etc)
deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart too the lungs, the blood then becomes oxygenated and gets pumped back to the heart. From here, the oxygenated blood goes to the organs where the blood transfers its oxygen to the body cells. The deoxygenated blood then returns back to the heart.
what is the benefit of a double circulatory system
because the blood passes though the heart twice it means it can travel rapidly to the body cells and give the oxygen the cells need
what is the heart
an organ mainly consisting of muscle tissue. It pumps blood around the body
how many chambers does the heart have
4 - left and right atrium and left and right ventricle
what separates the atrium from the ventricle
valves
what are the 4 main blood vessels that enter and leave the heart.
vena cava, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, aorta
what does the vena cave do
brings in deoxygenated blood from the body
what does the pulmonary artery do
blood passes from the heart to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
what does the pulmonary vein do
oxygenated blood passes from the lungs to the heart in the pulmonary vein
what does the aorta do
the blood is the pumped from the heart to the body through the aorta
what is the pattern of blood flow
first, blood enters from the left and right atrium and the atrium contracts forcing the blood into the ventricles.
the ventricles contract and force blood out of the heart
what do the valves do
stop blood flowing backwards into the atria when the ventricles contract
why does the left side of the heart have a thicker muscular wall
because the left side pumps blood around the whole. of the body
where do the coronary heart vessels come from and where do they go
branch out of the aorta and spread out into the heart muscle
what is the purpose of the coronary arteries
provide oxygen to the muscle cells pf the heart, the oxygen is used in respiration
what can be done of the pace maker cells no longer do what they should
an artificial pace maker can be used which is an electrical device that corrects irregularities in the heart rate
why do arteries have a thick muscular wall
to withstand the very high pressure of the blood
how often does blood travel through the arteries
the blood travels in surges through the arteries every time the heart beats
can you feel the surge of blood and if so where
yes you can, in the wrist as your pulse
why do arteries have elastic fibers
the elastic fibers stretch when a surge of blood passes through and then recoil in between surges, which keeps the blood moving
after getting to the organs via arteries, how does the blood flow through the organ
by capillaries
why do capillaries have thin walls
for a short diffusion pathway, allowing substances to diffuse rapidly between the blood and body cells
once the blood has passed through the organs where does it go and how does it get there
it makes its way back to the heart in veins
what is the blood like in veins
slow and at a low pressure
why do veins have a thin wall
the pressure of the blood is low meaning the wall doesnt need to be really strong
what os the job of a valve
stop blood flowing backwards
blood plasma is used to transport things around the body.
what does It transport?
- soluble digestion products from the small intestine to the other organs
- carbon dioxide form the organs to the lugs to be breathed out
- the waste product urea from the liver to the kidney to be extracted in urine
what are the three adaptations of red blood cells
- contain a red pigment called haemoglobin which carries the oxygen
- no nucleus meaning more room for the haemoglobin
- dimples called biconcave discs which increase the surface area meaning oxygen diffuse in and out rapidly
what are the adaptations for white blood cells
- contain a nucleus containing DNA which gives instructions on how the white blood cells can do their job
what are platelets
tiny fragments of cells
what are the uses of donated blood in medicine
- replace blood loss after an injury
- some people are given platelets extracted from blood to help in clotting
- proteins extracted from the blood can also be used for antibodies
what are the problems with blood donations
- in a blood transfusion the donated blood has to be the same blood type as the patient
- ## lots of diseases can be transmitted via blood
how is the risk of an infection after a blood transfusion reduced in the uk
the blood is screened
how is the trachea adapted
the trachea has rings of cartilage which prevents it from collapsing during inhalation
what are the two small tubes called that the trachea break off into
bronchi - one into each lung
what are the smaller tubes that the bronchi divide into
bronchioles
what are the air sacs called that are attached to the end of the bronchioles
alveoli
what happens at the alveoli
its where gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream
how are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange
- millions of them result in a large surface area
- thin walls meaning a short diffusion pathway
- good blood supply
how does breathing increase the rate of diffusion
it brings fresh oxygen into the alveoli and takes away from the carbon dioxide making the concentration gradients high for these gases
