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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Homologous series

A

A group of compounds that can all be represented with the same general formula, same functional group and trend in physical properties.

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2
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

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3
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts.

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4
Q

Isomer

A

A compound that has the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

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5
Q

Crude oil

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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6
Q

Fuel

A

A substance that, when burned, releases heat energy

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7
Q

Saturated

A

Contains single covalent bonds only

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8
Q

Alkanes

A

Compounds in crude oil which are saturated hydrocarbons

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9
Q

As the length of the carbon chain of alkanes increases…

A 
Boiling point increases
Become more viscous
Less flammable
Darker in colour
Produce more soot
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10
Q

Describe fractional distillation

A
  1. Crude oil is vaporised
  2. The fractioning column is hot at the bottom and cold at the top
  3. The fraction condenses in the fractioning column Jen the temperature is equal to its boiling point
  4. Short chains= low boiling points = come out at top
  5. The liquid is then piped off and the rest of the gases continue to rise.
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11
Q

List the fractions from coolest to hottest

A 
Refinery gases
Gasoline
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel oil
Fuel oil
Residue
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12
Q

List tests for water

A
  1. Anhydrous CuSO4 (white solids -> blue solid)
  2. Cobalt chloride (blue solid -> pink solid)
  3. Measuring boiling point (100C)
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13
Q

Equation of combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

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14
Q

Use of refinery gases

A

Bottled gases

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15
Q

Uses of gasoline (petrol)

A

Fuel for cars

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16
Q

Uses of naphtha

A

Making chemicals

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17
Q

Uses of kerosene

A

Aircraft fuel

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18
Q

Uses of diesel oil

A

Fuel for cars, lorries, buses

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19
Q

Uses of fuel oil

A

Fuel for ships and power stations

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20
Q

Uses of residue

A

Bitumen for roads and roofs

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21
Q

How is cracking carried out?

A

Hydrocarbons are vaporised then passed over a catalyst (silica/alumina) at a high temperature (600C- 700C)

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22
Q

Compared to alkanes, alkenes:

  • boiling point
  • saturated/unsaturated
  • flammability
  • viscosity
  • bromine water test
  • volatility
A 
Have lower boiling points
Are unsaturated 
Are more flammable
Are less viscous 
Will turn from orange-> colourless in bromine water
Are more volatile
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23
Q

Paraffin oil represents

A

Alkanes

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24
Q

The product represents

A

Alkenes

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25
Q

Definition of a monomer

A

A molecule that can join with many others to make a polymer

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26
Q

Problems with disposal of addition polymers

A

Plastics are inert and non biodegradable (cannot be broken down by living organisms).
One way to get rid of plastic waste is by burning it, however this can release toxic gases.

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27
Q

What makes alkenes unsaturated?

A

They do not only have single bonds and contain a carbon (C=C) double bond.

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28
Q

Bromine test for alkenes

result + explanation

A

Orange -> colourless

Dibromoalkenes are produced because the C=C bond breaks

29
Q

Alkane test for bromine water result + explanation

A

No colour change because alkanes are highly unreactive.

30
Q

Why is cracking necessary?

A

It helps to match the supply of fractions with the demand for them. Shorter chained hydrocarbons have a higher demand in the industry than longer chained hydrocarbons.

31
Q

Definition of biodegradable

A

Can be broken down by living organisms

32
Q

Alkenes functional group

A

> C=C

33
Q

What conditions are needed for the reaction of steam with alkenes?

A
  • 300 C
  • 60-70 atm pressure
  • catalyst of phosphoric acid
34
Q

What kind of reaction do alkanes undergo and what conditions are needed for this to happen?

A

Substitution reactions - UV light is needed

35
Q

What kind of reactions do alkenes undergo?

A

Addition reactions

36
Q

Explain the addition reaction between alkenes and bromine

A
  • the bromine molecule breaks up and ‘adds’ to the alkene using the electrons from the double bond
  • the product is now saturated
  • alkanes cannot do this as they don’t have a double bond
37
Q

What functional group do alcohols contain?

A

-OH

38
Q

Word equation for the combustion of ethanol

A

Ethanol + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

39
Q

Symbol equation for combustion of ethanol

A

C2H5OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H2O

40
Q

Three ways ethanol can be oxidised:

A
  • burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion)
  • reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid (microbial oxidation)
  • heating with potassium dichromate (VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to form ethanoic acid
41
Q

Word equation for oxidation of ethanol to form ethanoic acid as a result of microbial action.

A

Ethanol + Oxygen -> ethanoic acid

42
Q

Colour of potassium dichromate solution before + after heating

A

Orange

Green

43
Q

Observations of oxidation of ethanol with potassium dichromate

A

Product smells like vinegar

44
Q

Word equation of ethanol being oxidised with potassium dichromate

A

Ethanol + oxygen -> ethanoic acid + water

45
Q

Ethanoic acid formula

A

CH3COOH

46
Q

Give 2 ways to manufacture ethanol

A
  • reacting ethene with steam

- fermentation of glucose

47
Q

Conditions needed for reaction of ethene with steam

A
  • 300 C
  • 60-70 atm pressure
  • phosphoric acid
48
Q

Fermentation of glucose word equation

A

Glucose -> ethanol + CO2

49
Q

Conditions needed for fermentation of glucose

A

Sugar in water, yeast, temperature of 30-40C, absence of air

50
Q

Why must there be an absence of air for fermentation of glucose to occur

A

Otherwise the ethanol will oxidise and become sour

51
Q

Why must temperature be 30-40C for fermentation of yeast?

A

Yeast is a living organism and its optimum temperature for fermentation is 35C. At higher temperatures the reaction nearly stops as the enzyme is denatured.

52
Q

Difference between fermentation and hydration of ethene in terms of the type of process.

A

Fermentation - inefficient batch process where everything is put into a container and left until fermentation is complete.
Hydration- an efficient continuous flow process.

53
Q

Difference between fermentation and hydration of ethene in terms of the rate of reaction.

A

Fermentation - very slow

Hydration- very rapid

54
Q

Difference between fermentation and hydration of ethene in terms of the quality of product.

A

Fermentation- produces very impure ethanol which needs further processing
Hydration- produces much purer ethanol

55
Q

Difference between fermentation and hydration of ethene in terms of the reaction conditions.

A

Fermentation- uses gentle temperatures and atmospheric pressure
Hydration- uses high temperatures and pressures, needing a lot of energy input

56
Q

Difference between fermentation and hydration of ethene in terms of the use of resources.

A

Fermentation- uses renewable resources based on plant material
Hydration- uses finite resources based on crude oil.

57
Q

Method to make an ester

A
  • 1cm ethanoic acid + 2cm ethanol + 2 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid (acting as catalyst)
  • hot water bath 5 mins
  • 20 cm3 sodium carbonate in beaker then pour solution in it (this will neutralise any remaining acid)
58
Q

Definition of a weak acid

A

An acid that forms a small number of hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water. Weak acids only partially dissociate into ions.

59
Q

Are carboxylic acids strong or weak acids?

A

Weak

60
Q

What is vinegar

A

An aqueous solution containing ethanoic acid

61
Q

Functional group of an ester

A

-COO-

62
Q

Properties of an ester

A

Esters are volatile compounds with distinctive smells and are used as food flavourings and in perfumes

63
Q

How to make an ester (NOT METHOD)

A

ALCOHOL + CARBOXYLIC ACID

64
Q

How to form a condensation polymer

A

DICARBOXYLIC ACID + DIOL

65
Q

Solution to problems with polymers

A

To produce more types of biodegradable polymers. The polyesters that are biodegradable are referred to as biopolyesters.

66
Q

Example of biopolyesters advantages and disadvantages

A

Corn starch polymers
+ renewable
+ biodegradable
+ does not release toxic gases when burned
+ can be recycled
- large areas of land are needed to grow the crops and corn used
- this reduces the amount available as a food crop

67
Q

Definition of an addition polymer

A

Monomers join together to make one long molecule (polymer) with no other product

68
Q

Definition of condensation polymer

A

Monomers join together to make a polymer plus a small molecule

old GCSE Chemistry (34 decks)

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