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Anatomy > Orbit & Scalp > Flashcards

Orbit & Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of scalp: name + describe

A

Skin
Connective tissue (dense) = v, a + n’s supplying scalp, hold cut vessel open - profuse bleeding
Aponeurotic layer = occipitofrontalis + aponeurotic tendon connecting bellies
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium = periosteum on outer surface calvaria

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2
Q

Sensory innervation of scalp

A

Ant. ears + vertex:

  • trigeminal
  • supra-orbital
  • supratrochlear
  • zygomaticotemporal
  • auriculotemporal

Post. ears + vertex:

  • cervical n. C2+3
  • greater auricular = ant. rami C2+3
  • lesser occipital = ant. ramus C2
  • greater occipital = post. ramus C2
  • third occipital = post. ramus C3
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3
Q

Blood supply of scalp

A

Ant. + sup aspects:

  • ophthalmic = br. ICA
  • supra-orbital
  • supratochlear

Post. + lat. = rest:

  • ECA
  • superficial temporal
  • posterior auricular
  • occipital
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4
Q

Orbit: name bones

A 
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Zygomatic
Palatine
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5
Q

Orbit: roof

A

Mainly = orbital plate of frontal

Lesser wing sphenoid

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6
Q

Orbit: medial wall

A

Ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla + sphenoid
Junction roof + medial = ethmoidal foramina (ant. + post.)
Lacrimal + frontal process maxilla = lacrimal goove
Sphenoid = part of optic canal

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7
Q

Orbit: floor

A

Orbital surface maxilla, zygomatic + palatine

IOF

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8
Q

Orbit: lateral wall

A

Zygomatic ant. + greater wing sphenoid post.

SOF = btw. wings forming roof

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9
Q

Common tendinous ring: location

A

Apex of orbit

Ant. SOF - divides regions

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10
Q

Fissures + foramina of orbit:

A

SOF:

  • lacrimal n.
  • frontal n.
  • trochlear n.
  • sup. ophthalmic v.

SOF + ring:

  • sup. br. oculomotor n.
  • abducent n.
  • nasociliary n.
  • inf. br. oculomotor n.

Optic canal:

  • optic n.
  • ophthalmic a.

IOF:
*inf. ophthalmic v.

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11
Q

Extra-ocular muscles: name

A 
Levator palpebrae superioris
Sup. rectus
Inf. rectus
Med. rectus
Lat. rectus
Sup. oblique
Inf. oblique
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12
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris: action + innervation

A

Raises upper eyelid

Sup. br. oculomotor

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13
Q

Superior rectus: action + innervation

A

Elevate, adduct + int. rotates

Sup. br. oculomotor

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14
Q

Inferior rectus: action + innervation

A

Depress, adduct + ext. rotate

Inf. br. oculomotor

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15
Q

Medial rectus: action + innervation

A

Adducts

Inf. br. oculomotor

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16
Q

Lateral rectus: action + innervation

A

Abducts

Abducent n.

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17
Q

Superior oblique: action + innervation

A

Depress, abduct + int. rotates

Trochlear n.

18
Q

Inferior oblique: action + innervation

A

Elevate, abduct + ext. rotates

Inf. br. oculomotor

19
Q

Testing extraocular muscles: superior + inferior rectus

A

Track lat. = brings axis of m. into alignment with eyeball
The up/down
Sup. = up + inf. = down
Extreme abduction - only sup./inf. rectus can elevate/depress

20
Q

Testing extraocular muscles: lateral + medial rectus

A

Track lat. or med.

21
Q

Testing extraocular muscles: superior + inferior oblique

A

Track med. = bring axis of muscle into alignment with eyeball
Sup. = down + inf. = up
Extreme adduction = only obliques can elevate/depress

22
Q

Paralysis to trochlear nerve

A

Sup. oblique = paralysed
Can’t look down + in
Double vision + head tilt away from side of lesion

23
Q

Paralysis to abducent nerve

A

Lat. rectus = paralysed
Cannot abduct past midline
Strabismus = squint

24
Q

Paralysis to oculomotor nerve

A

Dense ptosis = drooping eyelid - paralysis of LPS

Only LR + SO = unaffected - eye rests down + out

25
Q

Pupillary light reflex: afferent limb

A

Fibres run in optic n.

Retina, optic n. + pretectal nucleus

26
Q

Pupillary light reflex: efferent limb

A

2 = ipsilateral - controls direct + contralateral - controls consensual
Fibres run in oculomotor n.
Motor output = pretectal nucleus to cilialry spinchter muscle of iris

27
Q

Pupillary light reflex: describe

A

Shine light
Retinal ganglion cells generate impulse + optic n. picks up
EWN = axons of optic n. synapse
Fibres of EWN leave in oculomotor n. + synapse in ciliary ganglion
Postganglionic cells leave + innervate sphincter muscles

28
Q

Pupillary light reflex: direct vs consensual

A 
Direct = light in 1, constriction in 1
Consensual = light in 1, constriction in both
29
Q

Corneal reflex: afferent limb

A

Fibres of nasociliary n. of ophthalmic division of trigeminal n.

30
Q

Corneal reflex: efferent limb

A

Fibres of br. of facial n.

31
Q

Corneal reflex: describe

A

Afferent impulses from cornea/conjunctiva travel through ophthalmic division of trigeminal
In sensory nucleus of trigeminal - synapse with interneurons
Synapse with motor neurons of facial n.
Br. of facial supply orbicularis oculi
Eyelids close

32
Q

Orbicularis oculi: parts, action + innervation

A

Orbital part
Palpebral part = anchored by med. + lat. ligaments
Med. fibres attach deeply to post. lacrimal crest = Lacrimal part
Closes eyelids
Facial n.

33
Q

Orbital septum: structure

A

Deep palpebral part
Extension periosteum into eyelids
Attaches to tendon of LPS + inferior tarsus

34
Q

Sensory innervation of eyelids

A

Branches trigeminal:

  • supra-orbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear + lacrimal br. of ophthalmic division
  • infra-orbital br. of maxillary division
35
Q

Motor innervation of eyelids

A

Palpebral part orbicularis oculi = facial n.

LPS = oculomotor n.

36
Q

Blood supply of eyelids

A

Ophthalmic a. = supra-orbital, supratrochlear, lacrimal + dorsal nasal
Facial a. = angular a.
Superficial temporal a. = transverse facial a.
Central retinal = end a., from ophthalmic - if occluded, retina dies

37
Q

Lacrimal apparatus: function + parts

A 
Production, movement + drainage of tears
Consists of:
*gland + ducts
*sac
*canaliculi
*nasolacrimal duct
38
Q

Lacrimal apparatus: production of fluid

A

Lacrimal gland + ducts

39
Q

Lacrimal apparatus: movement of fluid

A

Across eyeball, lat. to med. after blink

40
Q

Lacrimal apparatus: drainage of fluid

A

Accumulates lacrimal lake, drained by canaliculi
Punctum = opening of canaliculi
Lacrimal sac = ant. lacrimal part
Contraction of oculi dilates sac + draws fluid in

41
Q

Lacrimal apparatus: secretomotor/parasympathetic innervation

A

Pregang. parasymp. neurons leave CNS via greater petrosal n. = br. of facial n.
Join deep petrosal n. - form nerve of pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion - synapse with postganglionic parasymp. fibres
Join maxillary, travel with until zygomatic, zygomaticotemporal then eventually join lacrimal Lacrimal n. = ophthalmic division + innervates gland

42
Q

Lacrimal apparatus: sympathetic innervation

A

Postgang. symp. fibres originate in sup. cervical ganglion + travel along int. carotid plexus
Leave plexus as deep petrosal n. + join greater petrosal n. - form nerve of pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion - do not synapse
Join maxillary, travel with until zygomatic, zygomaticotemporal then eventually join lacrimal Lacrimal n. = ophthalmic division + innervates gland

Anatomy (16 decks)

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