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Opportunisitic mycoses Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: Opportunistic mycoses are of high virulence in patients who are immunologically compromised

A

false, low virulence

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2
Q

Pathogenic fungi found in immunocompetent hosts

A

Subcutaneous
Systemic
Cutaneous

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3
Q

Pathogenic fungi found in immunocompromised hosts

A

Opportunistic

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4
Q

T or F: number of organisms and its virulence is directly proportional to the probability of acquiring the disease

A

true

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5
Q

T or F: host resistance is directly proportional to the probability of acquiring the disease

A

False

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6
Q

opportunistic fungi from the environment

A

saprophytic

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7
Q

opportunistic fungi which is a commensal organism, normal flora and found inside the body

A

endogenous

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8
Q

most serious opportunistic infection

A

candida
aspergillus
mucor species (zygomyces)

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9
Q

Two classifications of candida species

A

C. albicans

Non-c. albicans

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10
Q

exhibits production of germ tube (rapid screening test to differentiate non albi and albi due to different treatments)

A

candida albicans (and C. dubliniensis??; germ tube supposed to differentiate albi and non-albi)

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11
Q

Characteristics of candida species

A

endogenous and saprophytic
part of normal flora
dimorphic

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12
Q

what is the cause of aquiring disease of candida species in immunocompromised?

A

low host resistance not number of organisms

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13
Q

characteristic feature of cutaneous candidiasis

A

satellite lesions

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14
Q

candida in culture or tissue is shown as

A

oval budding yeast cells

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15
Q

T or F: candida species forms pseudohyphae

A

True

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16
Q

candida species unique because it produces only yeast cells and no pseudohyphal forms

A

C. glabrata

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17
Q

clinical findings of candida infections

A 
oral thrush
interdigital candidiasis (of feet)
intertriginous/flexural candidiasis of the groin 
balanitis
vaginal candidiasis
candida onychomycosis (chronic)
generalized candidiasis
candida endopthalmitis
hepatic candidiasis
superficial candidiasis
candidiasis of the kidney
esophageal candidiasis
candida meningitis
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18
Q

patchy, whitish, pseudomembrane lesion (angular lesion) found in gums, tongue, palate and lips in immunocompromised patients secondary to candida species

A

Oral thrush

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19
Q

describe lesions found in intertriginous/flexural candidiasis fo the groin

A

erythematous and reddish

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20
Q

candidiasis of the penis

A

balanitis

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21
Q

candidiasis affecting retina wherein eye damage may happen in immunocompromised patients

A

candida endopthalmitis

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22
Q

what indicates candidiasis of the liver?

A

presence of calcifications

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23
Q

what specimen is used to observe candidiasis of the kideny

A

urine (hyphal and yeast forms are seen)

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24
Q

specimens used for laboratory diagnosis of candidiasis

A 
 Swabs
 Spinal fluid
 Scrapings from superficial lesions (cultures: confirmatory)
 Tissue biopsies
 Mounted in 10% KOH 
 Urine
 Blood
 Exudates

*sputum=no value

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25
what are seen in gram stained smears of candida species?
pseudohyphae (@ lower layer) and budding cells (@ surface; spherical to ovoid blastoconidia)
26
Why is serology rarely used for lab diagnosis of candida species?
limited specificity and sensitivity
27
At which temperature are candida species cultured?
37C
28
agar used for candida species
``` SDA CHROMagar Candida (sophisticated, expensive) ```
29
``` What is the color of the ff in CHROMagar: o C. glabrata or C. krusei o C. tropicalis o C. albicans o C. parapsilosis ```
o Pink: C. glabrata or C. krusei o Blue: C. tropicalis o Turquoise: C. albicans o White: C. parapsilosis
30
Basidiomycetous yeasts with large polysaccharide capsules
Cryptococcus sp.
31
T or F: Cryptococcus has hyphal form and no yeast form
false; yeast form meron, hyphal wala
32
C. neoformans are found in
dry pigeon feces
33
Cryptococcus gattii is found in
trees of tropical areas (less pathogenic species)
34
Describe colonies of cryptoccus
whitish mucoid colonies within 2-3 days
35
In direct microscopy what is observed in cryptococcus species
spherical budding yeast cells (more virulent) surrounded by non-staining capsules
36
T or F: All cryptococcus specieas are urease positive
True
37
T or F: Cryptococcus sp produces infection in normal hosts
False, only in immunocompromised
38
How does C. gatii and neoformans differ from non-pathogenic species?
Their ability to grow at 37C | They both produce laccase (phenol oxidase)
39
component of gatii and neoformans which catalyzes the formation of melanin from appropriate phenolic substrates (e.g. Catecholamines)
laccase (phenol oxidase)
40
antigenic structures of cryptococcus
``` capsular polysaccharide (enzyme immunoassay or by the agglutination of latex particles): so large and impenetrable na stinastain yung background instead of organism melanin ```
41
highly virulent disease caused by inhalation (main mode) or inoculation of cryptococcus neoformans
cryptococcosis
42
different manifestations of cryptococcosis
cutaneous cryptococcosis cryptomeningitis disseminated cryptococcosis
43
indicative of disease progression into a more severe skin lesion of cryptococcosis
if papule ulcerates
44
specimens for lab diagnosis of cryptococcosis
``` spinal fluid (KOH with india ink is used) tissue (lung: GMS is used) exudates sputum blood urine ```
45
T or F: histology with GMS shows hyphal forms of cryptococcus
False, only encapsulated yeast cells
46
Which species is difficult to differentiate cryptococcus from in SDA culture? *dark cream colored, smooth, moist, shining and mucoid colonies
Candida
47
T or F: Cryptococcus is inhibited by cycloheximide
true
48
color of neoformans and gatii in birdseed agar
brown pigment
49
indirect test for capsular antigen of cryptococcus
Cryptococcus Aglutination Latex Serologic test (CALAS) *only for CSF/blood/ serum
50
most common cause of aspergillosis
A. fumigatus (thrives in wide range of temps 50C and inhibited by cycloheximide)
51
aspergillus species associated with old stock nuts and aflatoxin
A. flavus
52
What is characteristic of Aspergillus species
conidial head | *high amount of spores branching, septate mycelium
53
T or F: Aspergillus is purely in yeast form
false, mold form with true (aerial) hyphae (has septations)
54
where phialides produce basipetal chains of conidia
terminal vesicles on long conidiophores
55
modes of transmission of aspergillosis
respiratory (main mode), ingestion, direct inoculation
56
Clinical findings of aspergillosis
allergy (benign), aspergilloma and extrapulmonary colonization (rarely invasive), invasive aspergillosis (causes abscesses and necrotic lesion)
57
form of aspergillosis allergy wherein there is colonization of bronchial tree without invasion of lung parenchyma
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis *characterized by asthma, recurrent chest infiltrates, eosinophilia, and both type I (immediate) and type III (Arthus) skin test hypersensitivity to Aspergillus antigen
58
Other forms of aspergillosis allergy
farmers lung | extrinsic allergic alveolitis (massive conidia in immunocompetent person)
59
characteristic of aspergilloma and extrapulmonary colonization which occurs when inhaled conidia enter an existing cavity, and produce abundant hyphae
fungus ball
60
what puts you at risk of aspergilloma?
previous cavity disease (tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, emphysema)
61
What puts you at risk of invasive aspergillosis?
lymphocytic or myelogenous leukemia and lymphoma, stem cell transplant recipients, AIDS and corticosteroids
62
In invasive aspergillosis, what does the hyphae invade and eventually cause?
lumens and walls of blood vessels causing thrombosis, infarction and necrosis
63
Specimens for id aspergillus infection
Sputum other respiratory tract specimens lung biopsy tissue (blood: rarely positive)
64
used in direct examination of aspergillus sp
KOH and calcofluor white *GMS in histologic sections
65
has a clavate head, pitted conidiophore with conidiospores
A. flavus
66
black, globular head with smooth conidiophore
A. niger
67
clavate head with smooth conidiophore
A. fumigatus
68
when are antibody tests not helpful in aspergillosis?
when diagnosing invasive aspergillosis
69
a diagnostic direct test (serologic) for aspergillus
Serologic test for circulating cell wall galactomannan
70
this was previously thought to be a protozoan, lacks capsule, irregularly round and causes pneumonia in immunocompromised and major cause of death in AIDS patients
Pneumocystis jiroveci: humans P. carinii: rats *genetically diverse (with different stains)
71
T or F: P. jiroveci can be found in immunocompetent
False
72
two forms of p. jiroveci which is extracellular
thin walled trophozoites | thick walled cysts
73
symptoms of P. carinii pneumonia
 Dyspnea  Non-productive cough  Fever  PCP if untreated, it leads to death
74
Chest radiography of p. jiroveci infection shows
bilateral infiltrates
75
Specimens used for diagnosing jiroveci infx
 Bronchoalveolar lavage  Lung biopsy tissue  Induced sputum
76
stains used for microscopic examination of pneumocystis
 Giemsa, toluidine blue  Methenamine silver  Calcofluor white
77
Higher sensitivity of id pneumoccy than conventional microscopy
IF microscopy using monoclonal abs
78
T or F: P. jiroveci can be cultured and serology is useful
False

Medical microbiology (14 decks)

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