Ophthalmology Flashcards
Association with open angle glaucoma
Diabetes
Management of primary open angle glaucoma
B-blocker eye drops
Pus in the eye =
= hypopyon
Blood in the eye =
= hyphaema
Association of episcleritis
Contact lenses
Presentation of central retinal artery occlusion (3)
Painless loss of vision
Afferent pupil defect
Pale retina
Format for visual acuity
Distance from chart / smallest line of letters seen
e.g. 6/6 - normal vision, 6/60 - bad vision
Is the cornea usually vascular or avascular?
Usually avascular - can get growth of new vessels in hypoxia: bad as cannot see as well
Pupil sign in penetrating injury
Tear drop pupil - iris moves to try and plug the gap
High myopia is a risk factor for…
Retinal detachment
High metropia is a risk factor…
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Causes of gradual visual loss (4)
Cataract
ARMD
Chronic open angle glaucoma
Diabetic retinopathy
Surgical management of cataracts
Phaco-emulsification with intra-ocular lens implantation
Causes of sudden PAINLESS visual loss (6)
CRAO CRVO Amaurosis fugax Ischaemic optic neuropathy Retinal detachment Vitreous haemorrhage
Causes of sudden PAINFUL visual loss (3)
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Optic neuritis
GCA
Management of CRAO (3)
Only effective within 12-24 hours
- Ocular massage
- Paper bag breathing (> vasodilation)
- Use carbonic anhydrase inhibitors etc to lower IOP
Signs in CRVO (2)
Flame haemorrhages
Cotton wool spots
Management of CRVO
Depends on whether there are signs of ischaemia + neovascularisation
If neovascularisation = use laser pan-retinal photocoagulation
Association with anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
Can be associated with GCA
Management of acute angle closure glaucoma
IV acetazolamide
Management of HZV Ophthalmicus
Oral aciclovir
Retrobulbar neuritis
Won’t see swollen disc
Will still have features of optic neuritis
Association with CN III palsy (Vascular)
Posterior communicating aneurysm
Two components of grading diabetic retinopathy
Retinal neovascularisation
Macular oedema
Diabetic retinal screening programme
Starts at 12 years old, annually
Management of corneal foreign body
History
Slit Lamp
Cotton wool bud or needle
Give topical chloramphenicol
Disc findings in glaucoma
Increased cup: disc ratio
Complications of cataract surgery (2)
Endophthalmitis
Refractive error
Indications for corneal transplant (2)
Corneal scarring
Keratoconus
Complications of corneal transplant (2)
Astigmatism
Graft rejection
Latanoprost
- Drug Type
- Mechanism
= prostaglandin analogue, increased uveoscleral outflow
Immediate management of chemical eye injury
= irrigate IMMEDIATELY
What is amblyopia?
Visual development disorder which can result from accommodative esotropia (squint)
Orbital floor # nerve associated
Infraorbital - can be damaged, also supplies part of the cheek
Brimonidine
- Drug Type
- Mechanism
= sympathomimetics, increases uveoscleral outflow
Management of acute angle glaucoma
IV acetazolamide
Topical lantaprost
Topical pilocarpine
Acute angle closure glaucoma
VS
Anterior uveitis
Acute angle closure glaucoma = pupil dilated
Anterior uveitis = small pupil
Argyll Robertson
- Association
= small pupils which don’t dilate
Associated with syphilis and diabetes
Drug associated with long eyelashes
Prostaglandin analogue
