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Year 4 > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Analgesic associated with tinnitus

A

NSAIDs

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2
Q

Hearing loss from base of skull fracture

A

= sensorineural hearing loss

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3
Q

Audiogram threshold for ‘normal’ hearing

A

Above 20dB is normal

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4
Q

Hearing better in noisy environments =

A

Paracusis

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5
Q

Arteries supplying the nose

A 
Anterior ethmoidal 
Posterior ethmoidal 
Lateral nasal 
Septal branch of superior labial 
Greater palantine 
Sphenopalantine
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6
Q

Carotid branches supplying nose

A

Internal - ophthalmic

External - facial, maxillary

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7
Q

Common nosebleed site

Location in nose

A

Kiesselbach’s Plexus

Found on lateral nasal wall

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8
Q

What type of nosebleed is more common?

A

Anterior

Posterior - usually bilateral bleeding

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9
Q

Space between true vocal cords

A

Rima glottidis

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10
Q

Difference (anatomically) between stertor and stridor

A 
Stertor = obstruction above the level of the larynx 
Stridor = air flow changes within the larynx, trachea or main bronchi
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11
Q

Process of Laryngectomy

A

Larynx removed
End stoma created, brings trachea to the neck midline
Pharynx closed so that oesophagus ONLY connects with mouth and nose

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12
Q

Problem with cricothyroidotomy

A

Lets the air in but doesn’t offer the best ventilation

A temporary or emergent procedure

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13
Q

Investigation of OME

A

Tympanogram
Will be flat
If OME in adults need to look at the nasopharyngeal area = tumour?

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14
Q

Surgical management of OME

A

Myringotomy

Then insert grommet into hole in ear drum

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15
Q

Complications of acute OM (2)

A

Acute mastoiditis - ear pinna pushed laterally if abscess forms

Cholesteatoma

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16
Q

Otosclerosis

Association with worsening of hearing loss

A

Pregnancy
HRT
= driven by oestrogens

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17
Q

Pathophysiology of otosclerosis

A

Stapes footplate becomes fixated to the tympanic membrane

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18
Q

Autoimmune causes of sensorineural hearing loss

A

GPA

Sarcoidosis

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19
Q

Pulsatile tinnitus (2)

A

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Giant cell arteritis

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20
Q

Nerve supply of the tympanic membrane

A

CN V3
CN VII
CN IX

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21
Q

Difference between primary and secondary otalgia

A 
Primary = direct stimulation of the nerve due to otogenic pathology 
Secondary = referred pain e.g. cervical spine, dental disease/TMJ or oropharynx
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22
Q

Leukoplakia =

A

= white patches in the mouth, premalignant

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23
Q

Testing for allergies (2)

A

Skin prick testing

RAST testing

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24
Q

Non-sedating anti-histamines (2)

A

Cetirizine

Loratadine

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25
Q

Inhaled steroids used in asthma (3)

A

Beclometasone
Fluticasone
Mometasone

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26
Q

What bone do the olfactory fibres pass through?

A

Cribriform plate of ethmoid

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27
Q

What part of the brain stem does CN VII come off at?

A

Pontomedullary junction

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28
Q

CN VII supplies what middle ear structure?

A

Stapedius muscle

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29
Q

Nerve fibres contained in chorda tympani

Relation to ear drum

A

CN VII and CN V3
Can be damaged in a superior-posterior perforation of the ear drum
Need assessment of hearing

30
Q

Scale used to assess facial palsy

A

House-Brackmann Scale

31
Q

Facial Palsy

Feature in Stroke

A

Facial palsy in stroke is FOREHEAD SPARING

The forehead receives bitemporal innervation (if Bell’s palsy = LMN, stroke = UMN)

32
Q

Management of Bell’s Palsy

A

Often self-limiting but high dose steroids can help

33
Q

Symbols in Audiogram

A 
Circle = round right 
X = left 
Triangle = bone conduction
34
Q

Snoring: stertor or stridor?

A

Stertor = turbulent airflow at level of soft palate, tonsils and tongue base

35
Q

Mild Obstructive SA =

A

5-15 episodes/hour

36
Q

Management of Obstructive SA

A

CPAP

Mandibular advancement splint

37
Q

Test for BPPV

A

Dix Hallpike

38
Q

Management of BPPV

A

Epley Manoeuvre

39
Q

Presentation of Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency

A

Vertigo + other symptoms

e.g. visual disturbance, weakness, numbness

40
Q

Management of Migraine
Abortive agents
Prophylaxis

A 
Abortive = triptans 
Prophylaxis = amitriptyline, propranolol
41
Q

Association with non-syndromic SNHL

A

Connexin-26 mutations

42
Q

Usher’s Sydnrome (3)

Mode of Inheritance

A

SNHL
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Balance Problems
Autosomal recessive

43
Q

Newborn Screening Test

A

Objective Audiometry

44
Q

Insertion Site of Grommets

A

Antero-inferior quadrant

45
Q

Presentation of viral pharyngitis (2)

A

Coryzal symptoms

NORMAL tonsils

46
Q

Commonest bacterial cause of tonsillitis

A

Group A streptococci

47
Q

Centor Criteria (4)

A

Absence of cough
Tonsillar exudates
History of fever
Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy

48
Q

FeverPAIN Score (5)

A 
Fever in past 24 hours 
Purulence 
Attend rapidly 
Severely inflamed tonsils
No cough or coryza
49
Q

Indication for Tonsillectomy

A

> 7 episodes in one year

OR >5/year for 2 years OR >3/year for 3 years

50
Q

Presentation of Pero-Tonsillar Abscess (4)

A

Severe unilateral sore throat
Dysphagia
Odynophagia
Otalgia

51
Q

Trismus =

A

= lock jaw

52
Q

Investigation of Infectious Mononucleosis

A

Serum monospot
Atypical lymphocytes
Abnormal LFTs

53
Q

Contraindication in Glandular Fever

A

Don’t prescribe amoxicillin, can get generalised macular rash

54
Q

Risk in Glandular Fever

A

Splenic Rupture

Need to avoid contact sports

55
Q

AB used in Epiglottitis

A

Ceftriaxone

56
Q

Contraindication in Epiglottitis (Kids)

A

Examining the airway - may worsen/close off the airway

57
Q

Pathophysiology of Pharyngeal Pouch

A

= laterally above the cricopharyngeus muscle and below the lower constrictor muscle

58
Q

Normal Ear Rinne’s Result

A

Rinne’s POSITIVE

59
Q

Weber’s Conductive Hearing Loss Result

A

LOUDER in the ear with conductive loss

60
Q

How does Paget’s cause SNHL?

A

= bony growth can compress CN VIII

61
Q

Location of branchial cyst

A

Anterior to the sternocleidomastoid

62
Q

Definition of chronic OME

A

Must be greater that 3 months

63
Q

Management of epistaxis (6)

A 
First aid/nasal compression 
Nasal cautery 
Nasal packing 
Ligation of sphenopalatine artery 
Ligation of external carotid artery 
Embolisation
64
Q

Which part of the nose does the sphenopalatine artery supply?

A

Lateral wall

65
Q

Hearing loss Meniere’s Disease

A

Low frequency sensorineural hearing loss

66
Q

Key features in Quinsy (2)

A

Laterality of sore throat

Voice change

67
Q

Management of Ramsay Hunt (2)

A

7 days of oral aciclovir

5 days of oral steroid

68
Q

AB Management of Gingivitis

A

Metronidazole

69
Q

Indications for Antibiotics in Otitis Media (4)

A

> 4 days duration
Systemically unwell
<2 years with bilateral OM
Perforation

70
Q

Management of Otitis Media

Newborn

A

Cefotaxime

71
Q

Organism in bacterial OM

A

H. influenzae

Year 4 (27 decks)

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