online quiz material Flashcards
chapter 1, 2, 3
when a sound is recognized but is not produced exactly correctly, this is referred to as a ____ error
distortion
which of the following levels would be considered the most complex linguistically
sounds produced in continuous speech
asking someone to judge if a sound was produced correctly or incorrectly would be an example of?
two way scoring
which of the following is an example of an addition error?
saying “buhlue” instead of “blue”
two way scoring requires a higher skill level than phonetic transcription
false
a child saying “top” instead of “stop” has produced an omission error
true
five way scoring includes two different types of errors
false
listening for errors on multiple sounds at the same time is more difficult than listening for errors on a single target sound
true
phonetic transcription does not involve making decisions about the speakers articulation of sounds
false
a speaker who says “twain” for “train” has produced a substitution error
true
units of meaning in language are sometimes referred to as
morphemes
phonemes are made up of
one or more allophones
when two speech sounds can be interchanged in the same word position without changing the meaning they can be said to be in
free variation
speech is
movement of speech organs ad sound production
the “b” sound in the word “rub” can be said to be in _____ position
postvocalic
end syllable
the form of speech that distinguishes each of us as individuals is known as our
idiolect
special marks that help us distinguish among allophones are known as
diacritic markers
which of the following words ends in an open syllable
to
the group of people who live near you and speak the same language as you can be called your
speech community
the study of units of sound that distinguish between morphemes is known as
phonemics
morphology is the study of units of meaning in language
true
allographs are letters or letter combinations that represent the same phoneme
true
we use minimal contrasts to identify the morphemes in a language
false
most people do not speak a dialect
false
the word “hats” has one morpheme
false
speakers of different dialects usually cannot understand each other
false
a persons lexicon is the list of all the morphemes they know
true
closed syllables end in vowels
false
some morphemes are not real words
true
if you exchange one sound for another in a word, and the meaning does not change, then the two sounds are allophones of the same phoneme
true
the primary mass of the tongue is referred to as the tongue
body
sounds that are produced into the lungs are called
ingressive
the sequence of words or syllables produced on one expiration is known as
breath group
changes in ____ and ____ are the basis for intonation
fundamental frequency; sound duration
one hertz equals
one cycle per second
fundamental frequency is generated by vibration of the
vocal folds
which of the following is not part of the supralaryngeal system
trachea
the nasal cavity, lips, tongue, and jaw are part of the ____ system
supralaryngeal
when sound travels through the nose to reach the atmosphere, this is known as ___ radiation
nasal
when the velum is down, sound can travel through the nose
nasal and velopharyngeal port
over 50% of english consonants are articulated using the tongue root
false
the velopharyngeal port is closed most of the time when we speak
true
the mandible plays no role in speech
false
breath groups often consist of syntactic units such as phrases or clauses
true
the vocal folds in women tend to vibrate slower than in men
true
the structure that move during speech are called the articulators
true
everyone closes their velopharyngeal port in exactly the same way
false
vowels are described using the position of the tongue dorsum
false
the vocal folds are open when we breathe
true
for most people, the lower lip moves more than the upper lip
true
one practical way to help define infant utterances is to
use audible inspirations or pauses
infant-produced syllables that contain both a vowel-like nucleus and a consonant-like margin with rapid transitions are sometimes referred to as
canonical syllables
infant sound productions are not always equivalent to those of adults because
- dont have all phonemes
- vocal tract is different
an infant is said to have a phonetic inventory of 12 phones. Therefore this infant is currently producing
a total of at least 12 different phones. consonant or vowel like
one of the most reliable stages of vocal development involved the emergence of
canonical babbling
the IPA system is the best system for transcribing infant vocalization
false
the syllable is NOT a useful unit in the analysis of infant vocalizations
false
vegetative sounds never serve a communicative function
false
vocalizations produced y children under age 3 months can be reliably transcribed
true
babbling and other infant vocalizations are not related in an way to language
false
the layered structure of the vocal folds is fully developed by age
16 years
the expansion stage of phonetic development in infancy corresponds with
the lowering of the larynx in the neck by about 4 months
first occlusal contact of the primary molars occurs at about age 16 months. this event helps to
stabilize the jaw and articulators
differences between males and females in the structure of the laryngeal tissues begin to appear at
age 8 years
when the adnoids begin to hypertrophy around age 4 years some children may begin to sound
denasal
the mechanical pattern of respiration is similar in infants and adults
false
the lower face undergoes a growth spurt from 1 to 2 years of age
false
structurally infants are not just smaller versions of adults
true
infants have to generate less subglottal pressure than adults to produce sounds of similar intensity
false
the overall configuration of a newborn vocal tract is more similar to the vocal structure of a nonhuman primate than to that of an adult human
true
