consonants chapter Flashcards
how are consonants produced?
usually by the coming together of two articulators
where is the sound source for consonants produced?
not always at the vocal folds: resonant or obstruent
are consonants longer or shorter in duration?
shorter
consonants are classified according to _____ in relation to a vowel
position
- prevocalic
- postvocalic
- intervocalic
what are the manners?
stop affricates fricative nasal liquids glide
what are the placements?
bilabial labiodental linguadental lingua-alveolar lingua-palatal velar glottal
what are the 3 dimensions of consonants?
voice
place of articulation
manner of articulation
what are the phonemic features of english
place
manner
voicing
changing ____ of the phonemic features of english will produce a different phoneme
one
whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating
voice
where a sound is formed
place of articulation
how it is formed
manner of articulation
pairs of sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation but differ by voicing
cognates
two phonemes that have the same manner of articulation
homotypic
how is the consonant formed
manner of articulation
complete closure of the vocal tract
stops
pressure builds up and when released it creates a ________________
stop burst, stop plosive
how many stops are there?
6 /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
narrow constriction of the airway, causes air to escape with continuous noise
fricatives
how many fricatives are there?
9 /f/ /v/ /th/ /s/ /z/ /sh/ /3/ /h/
combination of stop and fricative; pressure builds up and is then released; only in the palatal area
affricates
how many affricates are there?
2
/tf/
/d3/
complete oral closure and open velopharynx so that voicing energy travels out through the nose
nasal
how many nasals are there
3
/n/
/m/
/ng/
what closes off the oral cavity for nasals?
the tongue
vowel-like consonants
- sound energy is somewhat more constricted than for vowels. The shape and location of the constriction is a critical defining property
liquids
liquid midline closure of articulators and lateral opening for sound to escape
lateral
what are the liquid sounds
l and r
tongue tip is curled back and tongue is bunched in palatal area, sound passes through opening between tongue and palate
rhotic
- vowel-like consonants sound is more constricted than for vowels but less than liquids
- have a gliding motion
glides
how many glides are there
/j/
/w/
two phonemes that have same place of articulation
homorganic
use both lips
lip closure and lip rounding (protrusion)
bilabials
what are the bilabials
/b/
/p/
/m/
/w/
constriction of lower lip and upper teeth
both are fricatives
labiodentals
what are the labiodentals
/f/
/v/
- tongue tip protrudes between the front teeth
- both fricatives
interdentals
what are the interdentals
/θ/
/ð/
what are the 4 types of alveolars
lingue-alveolar stops, fricatives, lateral, and nasal
tongue contact with alveolar ridge
lingua-alveolar stops
/d/
/t/
groove in the blade of the tongue right behind the alveolar ridge
lingua-alveolar fricatives
/s/
/z/
tongue tip contact with alveolar ridge
lingua-alveolar lateral
/l/
tongue tip contact with alveolar ridge with sound resonance in nasal cavity
lingua-alveolar nasal
/n/
what are the 4 types of palatals
lingua-palatal fricatives, affricates, and glide
palatal rhotic
tip and blade of tongue elevated toward the palate
lingua-palatal fricatives
/sh/
/3/
sound is stopped then the top and blade are elevated toward the palate
lingua-palatal affricates
/tf/
/d3/
tongue tip can be turned back (retroflex) or tongue blade can be bunched
palatal rhotic
/r/
tongue constriction in the palatal area moves to the position of the following vowel
lingua-palatal glide
/j/
dorsum of tongue contacts roof of mouth stopping airflow
velar stops
/g/
/k/
same as velar stops but velopharynx is open to allow airflow to nasal cavity
velar nasal
/ng/
rounding of lips and arching of tongue near the velum
labio-velar glides
/w/
airway constriction at the vocal folds
glottal fricative
/h/
brief closure of the vocal folds; not a phoneme (most often occurs as an allophonic variation of /t/ and /d/)
glottal stops
/?/
vowels before /ng/ sound have special conventions
ing- /Ing/
ang- /aeng/
if a velar consonant /k,g/ is preceded by a nasal the nasal is usually transcribed with /ng/ not a /n/
the exception is compound or hyphenated words
pink- /pingk/
tango- /taengou/
