consonants chapter

Question 1

how are consonants produced?

Answer 1

usually by the coming together of two articulators

Question 2

where is the sound source for consonants produced?

Answer 2

not always at the vocal folds: resonant or obstruent

Question 3

are consonants longer or shorter in duration?

Answer 3

shorter

Question 4

consonants are classified according to _____ in relation to a vowel

Answer 4

position

• prevocalic
• postvocalic
• intervocalic

Question 5

what are the manners?

Answer 5

stop
affricates
fricative
nasal
liquids
glide

Question 6

what are the placements?

Answer 6

bilabial
labiodental
linguadental
lingua-alveolar
lingua-palatal
velar 
glottal

Question 7

what are the 3 dimensions of consonants?

Answer 7

voice
place of articulation
manner of articulation

Question 8

what are the phonemic features of english

Answer 8

place
manner
voicing

Question 9

changing ____ of the phonemic features of english will produce a different phoneme

Answer 9

one

Question 10

whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating

Answer 10

voice

Question 11

where a sound is formed

Answer 11

place of articulation

Question 12

how it is formed

Answer 12

manner of articulation

Question 13

pairs of sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation but differ by voicing

Answer 13

cognates

Question 14

two phonemes that have the same manner of articulation

Answer 14

homotypic

Question 15

how is the consonant formed

Answer 15

manner of articulation

Question 16

complete closure of the vocal tract

Answer 16

stops

Question 17

pressure builds up and when released it creates a ________________

Answer 17

stop burst, stop plosive

Question 18

how many stops are there?

Answer 18

6
/p/ 
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/

Question 19

narrow constriction of the airway, causes air to escape with continuous noise

Answer 19

fricatives

Question 20

how many fricatives are there?

Answer 20

9
/f/
/v/
/th/
/s/
/z/
/sh/
/3/
/h/

Question 21

combination of stop and fricative; pressure builds up and is then released; only in the palatal area

Answer 21

affricates

Question 22

how many affricates are there?

Answer 22

2
/tf/
/d3/

Question 23

complete oral closure and open velopharynx so that voicing energy travels out through the nose

Answer 23

nasal

Question 24

how many nasals are there

Answer 24

3
/n/
/m/
/ng/

Question 25

what closes off the oral cavity for nasals?

Answer 25

the tongue

Question 26

vowel-like consonants - sound energy is somewhat more constricted than for vowels. The shape and location of the constriction is a critical defining property

Answer 26

liquids

Question 27

liquid midline closure of articulators and lateral opening for sound to escape

Answer 27

lateral

Question 28

what are the liquid sounds

Answer 28

l and r

Question 29

tongue tip is curled back and tongue is bunched in palatal area, sound passes through opening between tongue and palate

Answer 29

rhotic

Question 30

- vowel-like consonants sound is more constricted than for vowels but less than liquids - have a gliding motion

Answer 30

glides

Question 31

how many glides are there

Answer 31

/j/ | /w/

Question 32

two phonemes that have same place of articulation

Answer 32

homorganic

Question 33

use both lips | lip closure and lip rounding (protrusion)

Answer 33

bilabials

Question 34

what are the bilabials

Answer 34

/b/ /p/ /m/ /w/

Question 35

constriction of lower lip and upper teeth | both are fricatives

Answer 35

labiodentals

Question 36

what are the labiodentals

Answer 36

/f/ | /v/

Question 37

- tongue tip protrudes between the front teeth | - both fricatives

Answer 37

interdentals

Question 38

what are the interdentals

Answer 38

/θ/ | /ð/

Question 39

what are the 4 types of alveolars

Answer 39

lingue-alveolar stops, fricatives, lateral, and nasal

Question 40

tongue contact with alveolar ridge

Answer 40

lingua-alveolar stops /d/ /t/

Question 41

groove in the blade of the tongue right behind the alveolar ridge

Answer 41

lingua-alveolar fricatives /s/ /z/

Question 42

tongue tip contact with alveolar ridge

Answer 42

lingua-alveolar lateral | /l/

Question 43

tongue tip contact with alveolar ridge with sound resonance in nasal cavity

Answer 43

lingua-alveolar nasal | /n/

Question 44

what are the 4 types of palatals

Answer 44

lingua-palatal fricatives, affricates, and glide palatal rhotic

Question 45

tip and blade of tongue elevated toward the palate

Answer 45

lingua-palatal fricatives /sh/ /3/

Question 46

sound is stopped then the top and blade are elevated toward the palate

Answer 46

lingua-palatal affricates /tf/ /d3/

Question 47

tongue tip can be turned back (retroflex) or tongue blade can be bunched

Answer 47

palatal rhotic | /r/

Question 48

tongue constriction in the palatal area moves to the position of the following vowel

Answer 48

lingua-palatal glide | /j/

Question 49

dorsum of tongue contacts roof of mouth stopping airflow

Answer 49

velar stops /g/ /k/

Question 50

same as velar stops but velopharynx is open to allow airflow to nasal cavity

Answer 50

velar nasal | /ng/

Question 51

rounding of lips and arching of tongue near the velum

Answer 51

labio-velar glides | /w/

Question 52

airway constriction at the vocal folds

Answer 52

glottal fricative | /h/

Question 53

brief closure of the vocal folds; not a phoneme (most often occurs as an allophonic variation of /t/ and /d/)

Answer 53

glottal stops | /?/

Question 54

vowels before /ng/ sound have special conventions

Answer 54

ing- /Ing/ ang- /aeng/

Question 55

if a velar consonant /k,g/ is preceded by a nasal the nasal is usually transcribed with /ng/ not a /n/ the exception is compound or hyphenated words

Answer 55

pink- /pingk/ tango- /taengou/