Oncology/immunology Flashcards
What part of the cell cycle is most susceptible to radiation?
M phase
How does radiation kill cancer cells?
Radiation causes oxygen free radicals to form which cause damage to cellular DNA in single or double strand breaks
3 pathways
-Inducing apoptosis by intrinsic (p53 dependent) or extrinsic pathway
-causing permanent cell cycle arrest or terminal differentiation
-inducing “mitotic cell death” from aberrant mitosis, resulting in mitotic catastrophe
Which molecule is associated with cachexia?
TNF alpha
Does radiation work better in tissues with high or low oxygen tissues?
high oxygen
How do alkylating agents like oxaliplatin and carboplatin work?
directly damage DNA
they do not work on the cell cycle
How does Paclitaxel (taxol) work?
microtubule stabilization
Carcinoid tumors arise from what type of cells?
Kulchinsky cells or enterochromaffin cells
What drug can be used in carcinoid syndrome to improve symptoms in metastatic disease and inhibit tumor growth?
Lantreotide (first line)
Which phase of the cell cycle is most variable in length of time?
G1 - duplication of cellular content
DNA replication happens in which phase of the cell cycle?
S phase (synthesis)
What is the purpose of the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
Gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, cell will continue to grow
G2 is a checkpoint control mechanism that ensures everything is ready to enter M phase and divide
where is the MC location of Ewing sarcoma?
Pelvis 25%
Diaphysis of the femur 16%
How do pembrolizumab and nivolumab work?
PD-1 inhibitors
Stops inhibition of tumor reactive T-lymphocytes and allows them to mount responses against cancer cells
What monoclonal antibodies are helpful in colorectal cancer?
Cetuximab and panitumumab
both target EGFR
What genotype must be confirmed before using targeted EGFR inhibitor (cetuximab or panitumumab)?
Kirsten rat sarcoma coral oncogene homolog (KRAS) wild type (not mutated type)
