Nutrition Flashcards
Effects of chromium deficiency
encephalopathy
hyperglycemia
neuropathy
Effects of cobalamin (B12) deficiency
beefy tongue
megaloblastic anemia
peripheral neuropathy
Effects of copper deficiency
pancytopenia
effects of essential fatty acids deficiency
dermatitis
hair loss
thrombocytopenia
effects of folate deficiency
glossitis
megaloblastic anemia
effects of niacin deficiency
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia (pellagra)
effects of phosphate deficiency
encephalopathy
decreased phagocytosis
weakness
effects of pyridoxine (B6) deficiency
glossitis
peripheral neuropathy
sideroblastic anemia
effects of thiamine (B1) deficiency
cardiomyopathy
peripheral neuropathy
wernicke encephalopathy
effects of zinc deficiency
hair loss
rash
poor healing
effects of vitamin A deficiency
night blindness
effects of vitamin D deficiency
rickets
osteomalacia
effects of vitamin E deficiency
neuropathy
equation for respiratory quotient
RQ = CO2 produced/O2 consumed
RQ for carbs
1
RQ for ethanol
0.67
RQ for fat
0.7
RQ during hyperventilation
> 1.1
RQ to indicate lipogenesis or over feeding
> 1.0
RQ in starvation
0.6-0.7 (fat is fuel during starvation)
ideal RQ during mixed substrate oxidation
0.85-0.95
RQ < 0.82 indicates
occurrence of protein oxidation
increased total energy intake by increasing carbs and calorie uptake
RQ >1 indicates
excessive calorie load
decrease carbs intake and caloric intake
Formula to calculate ideal body weight for a man
106 lb + 6 lb for every inch over 5 ft
Formula to calculate ideal body weight for a woman
105 lb + 5 lb for every inch over 5 ft
rough percent of calories from carbs in TPN
50-60%
rough precent of calories from protein in TPN
10-20%
rough percent of calories from fat in TPN
20-30%
electrolyte abnormalities found with refeeding syndrome
hypokalemia
hypomagnesemia
hypophosphatemia
Fuel for colonocytes
short chain fatty acids (butyrate)
fuel for small bowel enterocytes
glutamine
fuel for cancer cells
glutamine
for average healthy adult male, what percentage of calories should come from fat?
30%
How many kcal are there in a gram of dextrose?
3.4 kcal/g
How many kcal are there in a gram of oral carbs?
4 kcal/g
How many kcal are there in a gram of protein?
4kcal/g
How many kcal are there in a gram of EtOH?
7 kcal/g
How many kcal are there in a gram of fat?
9 kcal/g
where are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?
terminal ileum
where is iron absorbed
most in duodenum and some in jejunum
where is vitamin B12 absorbed
terminal ileum
where are bile salts absorbed
terminal ileum
formula to calculate nitrogen balance
(N in - N out) = [(protein/6.25) - (24 hours urine N + 4 g)]
what is the protein requirement for an average healthy adult male?
1 g protein/kg/d
20% from essential amino acids
how long does it take to deplete glycogen stores during starvation
24-36 hrs
where is glycogen stored
1/3 in liver and 2/3 in skeletal muscle
where does gluconeogenesis occur during late starvation
kidney
only AA to increase during stress
alanine and phenylalanine
AA that is the primary substrate for gluconeogenesis
alanine
most efficient form of storage of calories
triglycerides
pregnancy can increase kcal requirement by
300 kcal/d
general method to calculate calorie requirement for a burn patient
25 kcal/kg/d + (30kcal/d x % burn)
general method to calculate protein requirement for burn patient
1 to 1.5 g/kg/d + (3 g x % burn)
sepsis/surgery/trauma can increase kcal requirement by
20-40%
percentage increase of the basal metabolic rate for every degree above 38 C
10%
primary enzyme responsible for the transamination of amino acids (ammonia, alpha ketoglutarate)
glutamine dehydrogenase
where is calcium absorbed?
actively in duodenum and passively in jejunum
acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by anorexia, edema, enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates, irritability, ulcerating dermatoses
kwashiokor
severe protein energy malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency and characterized by extensive tissue/muscle wasting and variable edema
marasmus
maximal glucose administration for TPN delivered through central line
3 g/kg/hr
half life of pre albumin
2-3 days
half life of albumin
14-20 days
half life of transferrin
8-9 days
weaning from ventilator can occur if
excess glucose hence RQ greater 1
more CO2 produced than O2 consumed
etomidate can cause what electrolyte abnormality?
hyponatremia (sodium excretion)
hyperkalemia (potassium retention)
best nutrition access method for critically ill burn patient
nasojejunal
how does trypsinogen turn into trypsin
enterokinase in intestinal brush border
how many calories does an unstressed adult need
25-35 kcal/kg
how many calories does an adult in a catabolic state need
35-40 kcal/kg
