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MRCS A(My Own) > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Colonic cancer staging

A

Colonic cancers are staged with CT scanning of the chest, abdomen and pelvis.

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2
Q

Rectal cancer staging

A

MRI of rectum and CT of chest, abd and pelvis.

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3
Q

Goldstandard for Colorectal Ca

A

Colonoscopy is the gold standard,

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4
Q

What is NHS BOSS flexible sigmoidoscopy screening?

A

The NHS BOSS flexible sigmoidoscopy screening comprises a single flexible sigmoidoscopy to patients aged 55 years

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5
Q

what signs warrant a referral for rectal ca

A

Essentially the following patients need referral:
- Altered bowel habit for more than six weeks
- New onset of rectal bleeding
- Symptoms of tenesmus

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6
Q

Tumor marker for Colorectal Ca

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the main tumour marker in colorectal cancer.

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7
Q

Most hypervascular metastatic cancer

A

Renal metastases have a tendency to be hypervascular.

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8
Q

TUmours that spread to bone

A

The typical tumours that spread to bone include:BBRTP
Breast
Bronchus
Renal
Thyroid
Prostate

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9
Q

What is Mirel scoring system

A

Mirel Scoring system for fracture

Score pointsSiteRadiographic appearanceWidth of bone involvedPain1Upper extremityBlasticLess than 1/3Mild2Lower extremityMixed1/3 to 2/3Moderate3PeritrochantericLyticMore than 2/3Aggravated by function

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10
Q

chemotherapy in breast Ca

A

Patients with grade 3 lesions or axillary nodal disease
*To downsize the tumor

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11
Q

Endocrine therapy in Breast Ca

A

*Postmenopausal :Aromatase inhibitor like letrozole.
*Perimenopausal:Tamoxifen for 3years then switchto letrozOlle
*Premenopausal: Exemestane over tamoxifen.

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12
Q

Chemotherapy for Breast Ca

A

FEC regime is most commonly used (Fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide).

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13
Q

Raised CEA levels in non malignant situations

A

Cirrhosis
IBS(Thus not used for screening of Ca in colitis patients)

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14
Q

Diseases which require Colorectal Ca screening

A

*Familial adenomatous polyposis
*Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer
* Peutz Jegher Syndrome
*Acromegaly
*IBD
*Ureteosigmoidostomy

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15
Q

Most common osteolytic bone metastatic in children

A

Neuroblastoma

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16
Q

site of Bone# in Ca

A

The commonest bone sites affected are:
Vertebrae (usually thoracic)
Proximal femur
Ribs
Sternum
Pelvis
Skull

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17
Q

What to do in doxorubicin extravasation

A

cold compresses is indicated in doxorubicin extravasation

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18
Q

Hyaluronidase is indicated in the extravasation of???

A

Hyaluronidase is indicated in the extravasation of
contrast media
TPN
vinca alkaloid

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19
Q

FNAC can’t diagnose which thyroid tomer

A

Follicular Tumor

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20
Q

Mainside effect of arthracyclines(doxorubicin)

A

Cardiotoxicity

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21
Q

Breast ca drugs

A

Class. Example. Mode of action
Antimetabolites. 5 FU. S Phase specific drug, mimics uracil and is incorporated into RNA
Anthracyclines.* Doxorubicin. Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by intercalating base pairs
Topoisomerase inhibitors.** Etoposide. Inhibits topoisomerase II, prevents efficient DNA coiling
Platinum. Cisplatin. Crosslinks DNA, this then distorts molecule and induces apoptosis (similar to alkylating agents)
Alkylating agent. Cyclophosphamide. Phosphoramide mustard forms DNA crosslinks and then cell death
Taxanes. Docetaxal. Disrupts microtubule formation

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22
Q

Drugs for pain in CKD patient

A

Alfentanil, buprenorphine and fentanyl are preferred

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23
Q

Contraindication to Iung cancer excision

A

Assess general health
Stage IIIb or IV (i.e. metastases present)
FEV1 < 1.5 litres is considered a general cut-off point
Malignant pleural effusion
Tumour near hilum
Vocal cord paralysis
SVC obstruction

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24
Q

Criteria of adrenalectomy

A

if the tumor is producing excess hormones or is large in size (more than 2 inches or 4 to 5 centimeters).

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25
Q

Mostcommon thyroid Ca

A

Papillary Carcinoma

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26
Q

Feature of papillary ca of thyroid

A

Histologically, they may demonstrate psammoma bodies (areas of calcification) and so called ‘orphan Annie’ nuclei
Papillary projections with pale nuclei
Lymph nodal Spread
pMostly non capsulated

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27
Q

Mostcommon thyroid Ca In elderly females

A

Anaplastic Carcinoma

28
Q

Common age group of testicular torsion

A

Most common in males aged between 10 and 30 (peak incidence 13-15 years)

29
Q

FNAC for thyroid

A

Accurately diagnose papillary Ca
Don’t diagnose follicular so if follicles on FNAC the have to perform hemithyroidectomy

30
Q

Medullary Carcinoma of thyroid is present in

A

MEN -2A disease spectrum.

31
Q

Thyroid Ca not reacting to radioiodine therapy

A

Medullary Carcinoma as it is derived from neural crest cells and not from thyroid tissue

32
Q

Sarcoma spreads across

A

Fascial planes and metastasized via blood most commonly to lungs

33
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma and angio sarcoma spreads through

A

Lymphatics

34
Q

Which structures are resistant to invasion by a sarcoma

A

Major nerve sheets
adventitia of large vessels and fascia

35
Q

Familial melanoma genes

A

CDKN2A, BRCA1 ,CDK4 genes

36
Q

PCKD is associated with

A

Intracranial aneurysms, rend failure and cyst formation

37
Q

Ciclosporin causes

A

Ciclosporin- nephrotoxicity

38
Q

azathioprine side effects

A

myelosupression, alopecia and nausea

39
Q

Drugs used as immunosuppressants after transplant

A

Cyclosporin and tacrolimus are commonly used drugs.

40
Q

Tacrolimus side effects

A

However, high incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes

41
Q

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) MOA

A

Blocks purine synthesis by inhibition of IMPDH

42
Q

IL 2 receptors inhibitor immunosuppresants

A
  1. Monoclonal antibodies
    Daclizumab
    Basilximab
  2. Sirolimus (rapamycin)
43
Q

PVC / Vinyl chloride causes which cancer

A

Angiosarcoma

44
Q

Shift work has been linked to which Ca in women

A

breast cancer in women

45
Q

Latency period between exposure and disease for solid tumors versus leukemia

A

The latency between exposure and disease is typically 15 years for solid tumours and 20 for leukaemia.

46
Q

Schistosomiasis feature

A

More in Ghana
If turned to Ca then it will be squamous cell carcinoma

47
Q

Most common bladder Ca

A

transitional cell carcinoma

48
Q

aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. industrial dyes or rubbers), can cause which Ca

A

Bladder Ca

49
Q

Painless haematuria

A

Bladder Ca

50
Q

If suspected bladder cancerm perform

A

Urgent cystoscopy

51
Q

Bladder cancer can be caused by which type of chemicals

A

Aniline dye
Synthetic rubber
Beta naphthiline
Benzadine

52
Q

Transitional cell bladder tumor versus squamous cell

A

Transitional cell has papillary growth while squamous cell has solid growth
Transitional cell has good prognosis while squamous cell has bad prognosis

53
Q

Cholinergic syndrome caused by which cancar med

A

=Irinotecan

54
Q

Cardiotoxic anti Ca agents

A

5_FU an antimetabolie
Doxorubicin an anthracycline

55
Q

Side effects of Cisplatin

A

Kidney failure
Ototoxicitty
Peripheral neuropathy

56
Q

Which anti Ca drug Crosslinks DNA

A

Cisplatin

57
Q

Hemorrhagic cystitis is caused by

A

Cyclophosphamide

58
Q

Which agents cause pulmonary fibrosis

A

Cyclophosphamide
Methotrexate
Bleomycin

59
Q

Drugs which are M phase specific vs S phase specific

A

Vince alkaloids vs Antimetabolites

60
Q

Vincristine is used for

A

Lymphoma
Neuroblastoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma

61
Q

Which drug inhibit microtubule formation

A

Taxanes

62
Q

Sudden total alopecia is caused by

A

Taxane I.e pacilitaxel

63
Q

Side effects of paclitax3l

A

Sudden total alopecia
Myalgia
Peripheral neuropathy

64
Q

Which drug causes alopecia

A

Taxanes
Mitomycin C

65
Q

Pancreatic cancer tumor marker

A

CA 19-9

MRCS A(My Own) (28 decks)

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