Infections Flashcards
MC cause of epiglottistis in immunized vs nonimmunized child
Immunized: Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
Non immunized: Hermophilos influenza type B
Moraxella Catarrhalis cause
otitis media
bronchitis
laryngitis
Epiglottitis Symptoms
Sore throat
Inspiratory stridor
Raised temperature
Sits fOrward in tripod position and drool
Toxic shock syndrome causedby
Staphylococcus aureus or Group A Streptococcus
Infections postsplenectomy by which organisms
S. Pneumoniae, N. Meningitis, H.influenza type b and influenza virus
Reimmunization postsplenectomy should be done after first dose
In 5 years after 1st dose
Life long prophylactic Ab postsplenectomy
Macrolides
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Which drug causes C.difficle diarrhea
C rule
Clindamycin
Cephalosporins
Ciproflooxacin
Co amoxiclav
Rx of C.difficle
Metronidazole and vancomycin
SOFA tool for organ failure includes
PaO2/FiO2
Platelets
Bilirubin
Cardiovascular
GCS
Creatinine
Urine output
qSOFA score
Respiratory rate >22/min
Altered mentation
Systolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg
intraoperative bile spillage
Causative agent
C. DIFF
most common organism for acute tonsillitis
Streptococcus pyogenes
risk of a wound infection in a male undergoing a Hartmanns procedure for perforated sigmoid diverticular disease
35%
protracted terminal ileitis/ inflamed terminal ileum
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pestis causes
plague
undergone an inguinal hernia repair
Staphylococcus aureusInfection
In sickle cellOsteomyelitis
Salmonellaspecies
intravenous drug users osteomyelitis
P. aeruginosa
If ventilated /intubated patients receive a course of Ab
which replacement flora
Klebsiella in URT
Ifsuspected MRSA then take swab from
Hairline
Nose
Axilla
Groin
Perineum
cholangitis infections
E Coli
ERCP for Cholangitis timing
usually after 72 hours of antibiotics
Diarrhea in HIV
Cryptosporidium
hard painless ulcer affecting the genital area
Teperenoma Pallidum
Recurrentinfection afterimplants
Staph epidermidis
The classic presentation of EBV infectious mononucleosis in children and young adults consists of
the triad of fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy.
combination of pharyngitis and tonsillitis is often seen in
glandular fever
watercress farmer withhyperechoic areasin uss dueto parasites
fasicola hepatica
Fasciola hepaticaAlso known as
common liver fluke (parasitic trematode
Rx of fasciola hepatica
triclabendazole
Two phases of Fasciola hepatica infection
Acute: Immatere worms Penetrate gut
Chronic:Bileduct penetration, by Mature worms
HUS is typically developed by which age group
children not adults
Eo coli
Maybe complicated by microoangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Transmits by contaminated food consumption
Grom-ve
Birds are a recognised reservoir of .
campylobacter
Pruritus is the main symptom in which parasitic infection
Enterobius Enterobius vermicularis
worms+ lung involvesmest
Ascariasis in gut
Ancylostoma duodenale Penetrate through Skin
Hookworms that anchor in proximal small bowel
Ancylostoma duodenale
Ancylostoma duodenale can cause which anemic
IDA
Organisms produce cysts which are excreted
Cryptosporidium
Rx for giardiasis
Metronidazole
In resistant MRSA give
Vancomycin + Rifampicin
How should a patient be screened for MRSA?
nasal swab and skin lesions or wounds
MRSA Rx in nose and Skin
nose: mupirocin
skin: chlorhexidine gluconate particularly to the axilla, groin and perineum
following antibiotics are commonly used in the treatment of MRSA infections:
vancomycin
teicoplanin
Rx of MRSA only when ISt line doesnt work
rifampicin
macrolides
tetracyclines
aminoglycosides
clindamycin
normalendoscopic appearances,
microscopic features of colonic inflammation
and thickening of the sub epithelial collagen layer.
Microscopic colitis
Septic arthritis - most common organism
vs
Sexually active individuals
Staphylococcus aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Rx of septic arthritis
Penicillin
flucloxacillin or clindamycin if penicillin allergic
Antibiotic treatment is normally be given for several weeks (BNF states 6-12 weeks)
commonest cause of lactational mastitis.
staph aureus
Ototoxicity is a recognised adverse reaction with the
aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Inhibit cell wall formation
penicillins
cephalosporins
cause misreading of mRNA)
aminoglycosides
Inhibit protein synthesis
aminoglycosides (cause misreading of mRNA)
chloramphenicol
macrolides (e.g. erythromycin)
tetracyclines
fusidic acid
Inhibit DNA synthesis
quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
metronidazole
sulphonamides
trimethoprim
Inhibit RNA synthesis
rifampicin
Commonest cause of non viral diarrhea
Campylobacter jejuni
Which infection accounts for 26% of GBS
Campylobacter
Adverse effects of erythromycin
gastrointestinal side-effects are common
cholestatic jaundice: risk may be reduced if erythromycin stearate is used
P450 inhibitor
Tests for HIV
HIV antibody test ( present at 3 to 5 weeks bur can rom3 months)
P24: positive in 1 week to 3 to 4 weeks
bulls neck appearance.
Diptheria
thick grey membrane which bleeds following attempted removal.
Diptheria
Rx of late infection of graft
Removal of metal work implantation of gentamicin beads and delayed revision is the mainstay of managing this complication after 4 weeks
Streptococcus bovis septicaemia is associated with carcinoma of the
colon
Strep Bovis
Gram pos
Cause endocarditis
HBV
double stranded DNA
Rx of HepB
lamivudine, tenofovir and entecavir
Infection with Ascaris lumbricoides usually
individuals have visited places like sub Saharan Africa or the far east.
Diagnosis of Ascaris vs ancylclostoma duodenale
Diagnosis of Ascaris
Both worms and eggs in the stool.vs only larvae
In straightforward uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy the wound infection rates are
around 3-5%
Exo vs endotoxin of staph causes
Exo causes TSS
Endo causes gastroenteritis
Which organism causes malabsorption and resistant to chlorination
Giardia
Which kind of drapes decrease risk of infection
Iodophor impregnated drapes have been demonstrated to reduce the risk of wound infection.
Malignant otitis externa is caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Severe pain, headaches and granulation tissue within the external auditory meatus are key features of
malignant otitis externa
Commonest risk factor ofMalignant otitis externa
Diabetes mellitus
Severe abdominal pain tends to favour
Campylobacter infection.
Meleney v S Necrotising fascitis
Meleneys is a similar principle but the infection is more superficially sited than necrotising fasciitis and often confined to the trunk
Fournier gangrene
Necrotising fasciitis affecting the perineum
Polymicrobial with E-coli and Bacteroides acting in synergy
Late findings o f Necrotising fascitis
Purple/black skin discolouration
Blistering
Haemorrhagic bullae
Crepitus
Dirty Dishwater fluid discharge
Septic shock
rheumatic fever with Valve abnormality
Causative agent
Strep visidans
Severe peritoneal infection with foul smelling pus
Bacteroides Fragilis
Bacterides fragilis
Severe peritoneal infections
facultatively anaerobic
Maybe in pus
Pungent Aroma
most likely pathogen to be associated with gangrene.
Clostridium perfringens
Fournier’s Gangrene
Bothaerobic and anaerobic
Most commonly E-coli and bacteroides
Best diagnostic test for actinomycosis
Direct visualisation of organisms and sulphur granules from lesions
Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma intercalatum
Schistosoma haematobium
Causes
Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma intercalatum: intestinal schistosomiasis
Schistosoma haematobium: urinary schistosomiasis
Rx of Schistosoma haematobium
Single oral dose of praziquantel
Diarrhoea in immunocompromised
Cyrptosporudium
appearances of melanosis coli are identified and confirmed on biopsy.
may occur as a result of laxative abuse and consists of lipofuschin laden macrophages that appear brown.
antibiotic of choice for group A streptococcal/ streptococcus pyogens infections.
Penicillin
Alpha haemolytic streptococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus viridans
neonatal meningitis causes by
Group B
Streptococcus agalactiae
scarlet fever is caused by
erythrogenic toxinsof group A streptococcus
Dirty Dishwater fluid discharge
Gas gangrene