Infections Flashcards by Javeria Anzar

MC cause of epiglottistis in immunized vs nonimmunized child

Immunized: Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
Non immunized: Hermophilos influenza type B

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Moraxella Catarrhalis cause

otitis media
bronchitis
laryngitis

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Epiglottitis Symptoms

Sore throat
Inspiratory stridor
Raised temperature
Sits fOrward in tripod position and drool

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Toxic shock syndrome causedby

Staphylococcus aureus or Group A Streptococcus

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Infections postsplenectomy by which organisms

S. Pneumoniae, N. Meningitis, H.influenza type b and influenza virus

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Reimmunization postsplenectomy should be done after first dose

In 5 years after 1st dose

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Life long prophylactic Ab postsplenectomy

Macrolides
Phenoxymethylpenicillin

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Which drug causes C.difficle diarrhea

C rule
Clindamycin
Cephalosporins
Ciproflooxacin
Co amoxiclav

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Rx of C.difficle

Metronidazole and vancomycin

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SOFA tool for organ failure includes

PaO2/FiO2
Platelets
Bilirubin
Cardiovascular
GCS
Creatinine
Urine output

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qSOFA score

Respiratory rate >22/min
Altered mentation
Systolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg

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intraoperative bile spillage
Causative agent

C. DIFF

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most common organism for acute tonsillitis

Streptococcus pyogenes

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risk of a wound infection in a male undergoing a Hartmanns procedure for perforated sigmoid diverticular disease

35%

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protracted terminal ileitis/ inflamed terminal ileum

Yersinia enterocolitica

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Yersinia pestis causes

plague

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undergone an inguinal hernia repair

Staphylococcus aureusInfection

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In sickle cellOsteomyelitis

Salmonellaspecies

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intravenous drug users osteomyelitis

P. aeruginosa

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If ventilated /intubated patients receive a course of Ab
which replacement flora

Klebsiella in URT

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Ifsuspected MRSA then take swab from

Hairline
Nose
Axilla
Groin
Perineum

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cholangitis infections

E Coli

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ERCP for Cholangitis timing

usually after 72 hours of antibiotics

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Diarrhea in HIV

Cryptosporidium

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hard painless ulcer affecting the genital area

Teperenoma Pallidum

Recurrentinfection afterimplants

Staph epidermidis

The classic presentation of EBV infectious mononucleosis in children and young adults consists of

the triad of fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy.

combination of pharyngitis and tonsillitis is often seen in

glandular fever

watercress farmer withhyperechoic areas in uss dueto parasites

fasicola hepatica

Fasciola hepaticaAlso known as

common liver fluke (parasitic trematode

Rx of fasciola hepatica

triclabendazole

Two phases of Fasciola hepatica infection

Acute: Immatere worms Penetrate gut Chronic:Bileduct penetration, by Mature worms

HUS is typically developed by which age group

children not adults

Eo coli

Maybe complicated by microoangiopathic hemolytic anemia Transmits by contaminated food consumption Grom-ve

Birds are a recognised reservoir of .

campylobacter

Pruritus is the main symptom in which parasitic infection

Enterobius Enterobius vermicularis

worms+ lung involvesmest

Ascariasis in gut Ancylostoma duodenale Penetrate through Skin

Hookworms that anchor in proximal small bowel

Ancylostoma duodenale

Ancylostoma duodenale can cause which anemic

IDA

Organisms produce cysts which are excreted

Cryptosporidium

Rx for giardiasis

Metronidazole

In resistant MRSA give

Vancomycin + Rifampicin

How should a patient be screened for MRSA?

nasal swab and skin lesions or wounds

MRSA Rx in nose and Skin

nose: mupirocin skin: chlorhexidine gluconate particularly to the axilla, groin and perineum

following antibiotics are commonly used in the treatment of MRSA infections:

vancomycin teicoplanin

Rx of MRSA only when ISt line doesnt work

rifampicin macrolides tetracyclines aminoglycosides clindamycin

normal endoscopic appearances, microscopic features of colonic inflammation and thickening of the sub epithelial collagen layer.

Microscopic colitis

Septic arthritis - most common organism vs Sexually active individuals

Staphylococcus aureus Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Rx of septic arthritis

Penicillin flucloxacillin or clindamycin if penicillin allergic Antibiotic treatment is normally be given for several weeks (BNF states 6-12 weeks)

commonest cause of lactational mastitis.

staph aureus

Ototoxicity is a recognised adverse reaction with the

aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Inhibit cell wall formation

penicillins cephalosporins

cause misreading of mRNA)

aminoglycosides

Inhibit protein synthesis

aminoglycosides (cause misreading of mRNA) chloramphenicol macrolides (e.g. erythromycin) tetracyclines fusidic acid

Inhibit DNA synthesis

quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin) metronidazole sulphonamides trimethoprim

Inhibit RNA synthesis

rifampicin

Commonest cause of non viral diarrhea

Campylobacter jejuni

Which infection accounts for 26% of GBS

Campylobacter

Adverse effects of erythromycin

gastrointestinal side-effects are common cholestatic jaundice: risk may be reduced if erythromycin stearate is used P450 inhibitor

Tests for HIV

HIV antibody test ( present at 3 to 5 weeks bur can rom3 months) P24: positive in 1 week to 3 to 4 weeks

bulls neck appearance.

Diptheria

thick grey membrane which bleeds following attempted removal.

Diptheria

Rx of late infection of graft

Removal of metal work implantation of gentamicin beads and delayed revision is the mainstay of managing this complication after 4 weeks

Streptococcus bovis septicaemia is associated with carcinoma of the

colon

Strep Bovis

Gram pos Cause endocarditis

HBV

double stranded DNA

Rx of HepB

lamivudine, tenofovir and entecavir

Infection with Ascaris lumbricoides usually

individuals have visited places like sub Saharan Africa or the far east.

Diagnosis of Ascaris vs ancylclostoma duodenale

Diagnosis of Ascaris Both worms and eggs in the stool. vs only larvae

In straightforward uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy the wound infection rates are

around 3-5%

Exo vs endotoxin of staph causes

Exo causes TSS Endo causes gastroenteritis

Which organism causes malabsorption and resistant to chlorination

Giardia

Which kind of drapes decrease risk of infection

Iodophor impregnated drapes have been demonstrated to reduce the risk of wound infection.

Malignant otitis externa is caused by

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Severe pain, headaches and granulation tissue within the external auditory meatus are key features of

malignant otitis externa

Commonest risk factor ofMalignant otitis externa

Diabetes mellitus

Severe abdominal pain tends to favour

Campylobacter infection.

Meleney v S Necrotising fascitis

Meleneys is a similar principle but the infection is more superficially sited than necrotising fasciitis and often confined to the trunk

Fournier gangrene

Necrotising fasciitis affecting the perineum Polymicrobial with E-coli and Bacteroides acting in synergy

Late findings o f Necrotising fascitis

Purple/black skin discolouration Blistering Haemorrhagic bullae Crepitus Dirty Dishwater fluid discharge Septic shock

rheumatic fever with Valve abnormality Causative agent

Strep visidans

Severe peritoneal infection with foul smelling pus

Bacteroides Fragilis

Bacterides fragilis

Severe peritoneal infections facultatively anaerobic Maybe in pus Pungent Aroma

most likely pathogen to be associated with gangrene.

Clostridium perfringens

Fournier's Gangrene

Bothaerobic and anaerobic Most commonly E-coli and bacteroides

Best diagnostic test for actinomycosis

Direct visualisation of organisms and sulphur granules from lesions

Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma intercalatum Schistosoma haematobium Causes

Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma intercalatum: intestinal schistosomiasis Schistosoma haematobium: urinary schistosomiasis

Rx of Schistosoma haematobium

Single oral dose of praziquantel

Diarrhoea in immunocompromised

Cyrptosporudium

appearances of melanosis coli are identified and confirmed on biopsy.

may occur as a result of laxative abuse and consists of lipofuschin laden macrophages that appear brown.

antibiotic of choice for group A streptococcal/ streptococcus pyogens infections.

Penicillin

Alpha haemolytic streptococci

Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus viridans

neonatal meningitis causes by

Group B Streptococcus agalactiae

scarlet fever is caused by

erythrogenic toxins of group A streptococcus

Dirty Dishwater fluid discharge

Gas gangrene