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MRCS A(My Own) > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Hook of hamate fracture
Involvement of which nerve?

A

Ulnar nerve injury

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2
Q

LOAF is a pneumonic for which and what does it stands for?

A

Median nerve supply of hand muscles
2 lateral lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis

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3
Q

Right and left subphrenic space is divided by?

A

Falciform ligament
The subphrenic space is a peritoneal space between the anterior part of the liver and the diaphragm, separated into right and left by the falciform ligament, and postero-superiorly bounded by thecoronary ligament

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4
Q

Which structure separates the cephalic vein and the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa?

A

Biceps Tendon

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5
Q

Cavernous sinus runs from?

A

superior orbital fissure to the petrous temporal bone.

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6
Q

subclavian converts to axillary artery at which Level?

A

Lateral edge of 1st in

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7
Q

Denticulate Ligament?

A

continuation of pia mater and attaches to dUra mater laterally for suspension of spinal cord

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8
Q

Stapes from which pharyngeal arch

A

2nd

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9
Q

Left hilum of kidney

A

L1

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10
Q

Vocal Cords or glottic lymphatic drainage?

A

No lymphatic supply and act as watershed -

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11
Q

axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy
Structure damaged below

A

Intercostobrachial nerve

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12
Q

Left and right pulmonary artery pharyngeal arch

A

6th

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13
Q

cerebello-pontine angle lesion

A

Trigeminal V nerve damage

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14
Q

Acoustic
neuroma
site of lesion

A

Cerebello pontine angle

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15
Q

Axillary artery divided into how many parts and by which muscle

A

3 parts by pectoralis minor
*Proximal to PM
*Behind
*Distal to

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16
Q

Homonymous hemianopia

A

Optictract lesion

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17
Q

normal angle between the femoral neck and the femoral shaft?

A

130° in male

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18
Q

Ileocolic artery isa branch of

A

Superior Mesenteric artery

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19
Q

Froment sign

A

Ulnar nerve palsy test
Holding a paper between thumb and index finger
Because of weakness or loss of function in adductor pollicis muscle

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20
Q

Blood supply of GIT

A

the celiac trunk for the foregut and accessory organs of GIT
the superior mesenteric artery for the midgut
the inferior mesenteric artery for the hindgut

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21
Q

Branches of celiac trunk

A

Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Left gastric artery

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22
Q

complication with posterior duodenal ulcers

A

Perforation of gastroduodenal artery as it runs post to duodenum

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23
Q

Which branch of celiac trunk is apart of portal triad

A

Hepatic artery proper

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24
Q

Blood supply of Greater and lesser curvature of stomach

A

Left and right gastric artery supplies lesser curvature
left and right Gastro epiploic artery supply greater curvature

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25
Q

More common gastric ulcer site?

A

At lesser curvature more than greater
Thus bleeding of left and right gastric artery

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26
Q

Gastric fondas is supplied by?

A

Shortgastric artery a branch of splenic artery.

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27
Q

Which part of the stomach has single blood supply

A

Funds
Lesser and greater curvature has dual supply

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28
Q

SMA originates from aorta
at

A

L1

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29
Q

3rd part of duodenum is post to.

A

SMA

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30
Q

Structures post to superior mesenteric artery

A

3rd part of duodenm
Left renal vein

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31
Q

Acute mesenteric ischemia is more common due to

A

SMA than IMA

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32
Q

GIT branches originate from

A

Anterior aspect of aorta

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33
Q

Foregut ends at

A

Major duodenal papilla of 1st part

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34
Q

Celiatrunk arises at

A

L1 upper level

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35
Q

Inferior Mesentric artery arises from

A

L3 level

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36
Q

All veins of GIT goes to

A

Portal vein

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37
Q

Splenic Vein runs immediately posterior to

A

Pancreas body

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38
Q

Portal Vein relation to bileduct

A

BD is ant to PV

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39
Q

Hepaticportal wein is madeby

A

superior Mesenteric and splenic vein

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40
Q

IMA originates from aorta while inferior mesenteric vein drains into

A

Splenic vein

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41
Q

Neck body and tail of pancreas by

A

Splenic artery while head by gastroduodenal artery

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42
Q

Greater omentum is supplied by

A

Both R and L epiploic/omental arteries

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43
Q

Cystic artery of GB arises for

A

R hepatic artery

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44
Q

Head of pancreas blood supply.
.

A

Superior Pancreaticoduodenal by Gastroduodenal a branch of celiac artery.

Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal by SMA.

Both have ant and post branches.

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45
Q

Relation of sold

A

Ant to left renal Vin and 3rd part of duodenm
Medial to SM vein
Below and post to splenic vein
Post to neck of pancreas

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46
Q

First branch of SMA

A

Inferior pancreatico duodenal artery

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47
Q

Abdominal Aorta spans

A

from Tiz to L4

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48
Q

super ior rectaI artery span

A

Runs ant to ilac vessels and enter to pelvic cavity

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49
Q

3 branches of IIMA

A

Left colic ascending branch
Left colic descending branch
Superior rectal artery

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50
Q

Borders of inferior lumbar triangle

A

The lumbar triangle (through which these may occur) is bounded by:
Crest of ilium (inferiorly)
External oblique (laterally)
Latissimus dorsi (medially)

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51
Q

Obturator hernia usually lies behind and front of which muscle

A

Behind Pectineus muscle
Front of obturator externus

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52
Q

Richter hernia

A

strangulation without obstruction.
Antimesentric border
Vomiting due to peritonitis 2° to perforation

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53
Q

What is Jenkin Rule?

A

Jenkins Ruleshould be followed and this necessitates a suture length 4x length of incision with bites taken at 1cm intervals, 1 cm from the wound edge

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54
Q

Hernia containing Meckels diverticulum

A

Litters Hernia

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55
Q

Hypoglossal nerve supply / Tumor damaging hypoglossal canal which muscle will be affected

A

hyoglossus
intrinsic
genioglossus and
styloglossus muscles

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56
Q

Upper trunk of brachial plexus direct branches

A

Nerve to subclavius
Suprascapular nerve

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57
Q

Upper limb injury and nerve damage
1. Dislocation of shoulder joint
2. # anatomical neck of humerus
3. # surgical neck of humerus
4. # shaft of humerus
5. # medial epicondyle of humerus
6# supracondylar # of humerus

A
  1. Axillary nerve
  2. Radial nerve
  3. Axillary nerve and post circumflex artery
  4. Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery
  5. Ulnar nerve and ulnar collateral artery
  6. Median nerve and brachial artery
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58
Q

Difference between anatomical and and surgical neck of humerus

A

The anatomical neck is the part between the head and the tuberosities.
The surgical neck is the part between the tuberosities and the shaft

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59
Q

costodiaphragmatic recess lies at
which level

A

10th rib at midaxillary line

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60
Q

Relation of left and right supra renal gland

A

LEFT
Ant: stomach, lesser sac, pancreas and spleen.
RIGHT
Ant: Right lobe of liver and IVC
Diaphragm resides on post aspect of both

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61
Q

Dvt and PE due to which vein involvement mostly

A

DVT: Popliteal vein
Embolism: Femoral vein

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62
Q

Nerve supply of 👂 outer ear

A

Sensory innervation to the external ear is supplied by both cranial and spinal nerves. Branches of the trigeminal, facial, and vagus nerves (CN V, VII, X) are the cranial nerve components, while the lesser occipital (C2, C3) and greater auricular (C2, C3) nerves are the spinal nerve components involved

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63
Q

Contents of Carpal Tunnel

A

The carpal tunnel contains a total of 9 tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and the median nerve
The tendon of flexor pollicis longus
Four tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Four tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis

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64
Q

Rectal blood supply.

A

Superior rectal artery – terminal continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery.
Middle rectal artery – branch of the internal iliac artery.
Inferior rectal artery – branch of the internal pudendal artery

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65
Q

Rectal relations

A

Anterior in
Male Sacrum and coccyx
Piriformis

Coccygeus

Levator ani

Sacral plexus

Rectovesical pouch
Sigmoid colon

Ileum

Bladder

Prostate

Seminal vesicles

Rectouterine pouch
Sigmoid colon

Ileum

Vagina

Cervix

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66
Q

Infection spread between two ischiorectal fossa through

A

Deep post natal space
Present below anococcygeal ligament and above levator ani muscle.

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67
Q

Mnemonic for cranial nerve being motor, sensory or both

A

1 Some
2 Say
3 Marry
4 Money
5 But
6 My
7 Brother
8 Says
9 Big
10Boobs
11 Matter
12 More

S means Sensory
M means motor
B mean both

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68
Q

Only nerve arising from dorsal aspect of brain stem

A

Trochlear nerve
Only supply superior oblique muscle.

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69
Q

Which nerve Arise from interpeduncular fossa of midbrain

A

Oculomotor nerve

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70
Q

Which cranial nerve has both brain and spinal roots

A

Accesory Nerve
XI

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71
Q

Greater and lesser sciatic notch are separated by

A

Sacrospinous ligament

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72
Q

Borders of Greater sciatic foramen

A

The greater sciatic foramen is bordered by:

Superior – anterior sacroiliac ligament
Posteromedial – sacrotuberous ligament
Anterolateral – greater sciatic notch of the ilium
Inferior – sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine

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73
Q

Contents of Greater Sciatic Foramen

A

The greater sciatic foramen is divided into two parts by the presence of the piriformis muscle – the suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina.

Suprapiriform foramen:
Superior gluteal artery and vein
Superior gluteal nerve

Infrapiriform foramen:
Sciatic nerve
Pudendal nerve
Inferior gluteal artery and vein
Inferior gluteal nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Nerve to obturator internus
Nerve to quadratus femoris

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74
Q

Common content of Greater and Lesser Sciatic foramen

A

Pudendal nerve
Nerve to obturator internus

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75
Q

Content of lesser sciatic foramen

A

*Internal pudendal artery and vein
*Pudendal nerve (note the pudendal nerve first leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen, and then re-enters via the lesser sciatic foramen)
*Obturator internus tendon
*Nerve to obturator internus

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76
Q

Median nerve relation to brachial artery in cybital fossa

A

Median nerve is medial to brachial artery

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77
Q

foot muscle supplied by deep common peroneal nerve

A

Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis
Others are supplied by tibial

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78
Q

Function of hand interossei muscles

A

PAD and DAB
Palmer interosseiADduct
Dorsal interosseiABduct
lumbricals in flexion at the MCP joints and extension at the IP joints.

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79
Q

Contents of Femoral Triangle

A

Mnemonic for contents from lateral to medialis NAVEL
Nerve artery vein then lymphatic

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80
Q

The only content of femoral triangle out of femoral sheath is

A

Femoral nerve

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81
Q

Borders of femoral triangle

A

Mnemonic for borders of femoral Triangle is SAIL
Laterally by sartorius
Medially by adductor longus
Superiorly by inguinal ligament
Roof – fascia lata.
Floor – pectineus, iliopsoas, and adductor longus muscles.

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82
Q

The lymphatic of femoral triangle is different from other content in which way

A

It is in femoral canal
Significant for the femoral herniation

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83
Q

Motor ans sensory supply of axillary nerve

A

Deltoid and Teres minor
Lateral aspect of upper area, a patch

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84
Q

Axillary nerve leaves axilla through

A

Quadrangle space

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85
Q

Deep ring of inguinal canal is made of

A

The transversalis fascia forms the superolateral edge of the deep inguinal ring.
The epigastric vessels form its inferomedial wall.

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86
Q

Constrictor of esophagus

A

Constrictions of the oesophagus : ABCD
A- Arch of the Aorta
B- Left main Bronchus
C- Cricoid Cartilage
D- Diaphragmatic Hiatus

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87
Q

Carina is present at which level

A

T5 or T6 vertebral level

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88
Q

Muscle attachment of Greater Trochanter

A

Mnemonic for muscle attachment on greater trochanter is POGO:
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemelli
Obturator externus

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89
Q

Avulsion # of greaterand lesser trochanter occurs when-

A

forceful contraction of the gluteus medius causes avulsion of greater
forceful contraction of the iliopsoas causes avulsion # of lesser trochanter

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90
Q

What I’d the angle of neck of femur

A

It is set at an angle of approximately 135 degrees to the shaft.

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91
Q

Site of attachment of iliofemoral ligament is

A

Intertrochanteric line is the site of attachment for the iliofemoral ligament (the strongest ligament of the hip joint).

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92
Q

Which part of femur fracture causes head necrosis

A

Intracapsular part of neck of femur which affects medial circumflex femoral artery

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93
Q

Only source of motor innervation to diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve is the only source of motor innervation to the diaphragm and therefore plays a crucial role in breathing.

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94
Q

Overview of Phrenic Nerve

A

Overview
Nerve roots – anterior rami of C3, C4 and C5.
Motor functions – innervates the diaphragm.
Sensory functions – innervates the central part of the diaphragm, the pericardium and the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura.

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95
Q

Phrenic Nerve relationship to anterior scalene muscle

A

arise from the lateral border of anterior scalene

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96
Q

Middle part of Medial of thigh is supplied by

A

Obturator Nerve

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97
Q

Which muscle of medial compartment of thigh laterally rotates it alon with adduction

A

Obturator externus

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98
Q

Adrenal gland origin

A

1st develops at 6th week gestation with no reticularis zone
Cortex from mesoderm
Medulla from ectoderm, neuralcrest cells

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99
Q

Adrenal gland origin

A

1st develops at 6th week gestation with no reticularis zone
Cortex from mesoderm
Medulla from ectoderm, neuralcrest cells

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100
Q

Immediately lateral to pisiform bone is which Nerve

A

Ulnar Nerve

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101
Q

Flexor of IP joint of thumb

A

Flexor Pollicis Longus

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102
Q

Dupuytrens contracture affect which fingers

A

Little . and ring finger

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103
Q

Keypoint of Dupuytrens contracture

A

Flexed ring and little finger towards palm
.Contracture of parmar aponeurosis
*Common in maleover 40 years

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104
Q

Intrinsic hand Muscle

A

Mnemonic for intrinsic hand muscles
‘A OF A OF A’
)
A bductor pollicis brevis
O pponens pollicis
F lexor pollicis brevis
A dductor pollicis (thenar muscles)
O pponens digiti minimi
F lexor digiti minimi brevis
A bductor digiti minimi (hypothenar muscles)

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105
Q

Which of the following fingers is not a point of attachment for the palmar interossei?

A

The middle finger has no attachment of the palmar interosseous.

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106
Q

Which muscle is responsible for causing flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint of the ring finger?

A

Flexor digitorom Profundus

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107
Q

Ccervical rib arises at which level

A

C 7

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108
Q

Adsons test

A

To confirm Cervical Rib
(lateral flexion of the neck away from symptomatic side and traction of the symptomatic arm- leads to obliteration of radial pulse)

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109
Q

Contents of Clavipectoral fascia

A
  1. Thoracoacromial artery
  2. cephalic vein
  3. Lateralpectoral nerve (neweto pectoris major )
    40 Lymphaticsfross, breast to apical lymph nodes
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110
Q

What is Erb’s point?

A

Sensory nerves of cervical plexus enter the skin at the middle of the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid. This area is known as the nerve point of the neck (Erb’s point), and is utilised when performing a cervical plexus nerve block.

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111
Q

What is posterior interosseous nerve?

A

When the deep branch of the radial nerve penetrates the supinator muscle of the forearm,

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112
Q

What are penicilliary radicles

A

In white pulp of spleen
The germinal centres are supplied by arterioles called penicilliary radicles.

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113
Q

To perform an open inguinal hernia repair under local anaesthesia. Which dermatomal level will require blockade?

A

T12

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114
Q

Which nerves get damaged during submandibular gland excision

A

Three cranial nerves may be injured during submandibular gland excision.
Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve
Lingual nerve
Hypoglossal nerve

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115
Q

Which nerv3 supplies skin over axilla

A

Intercostobrachial nerve

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116
Q

Innervation of short and long head of biceps femoris

A

The short head of biceps femoris, which may occasionally be absent, is innervated by the common peroneal component of the sciatic nerve. The long head is innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve.

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117
Q

Cranial nerves which carry Parasympathetic supply

A

III (oculomotor) Pupillary constriction and accommodation
VII (facial) Lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual glands
IX (glossopharyngeal) Parotid
X (vagus) Heart and abdominal viscera

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118
Q

Diagastric nerve supply

A

The posterior belly of digastric is innervated by the facial nerve and the anterior belly by the mylohoid nerve.

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119
Q

Waldeyers fascia-
Sibsons fascia-
Bucks fascia-
Gerotas fascia-
Denoviller fascia-

A

Waldeyers fascia- Posterior ano-rectum
Sibsons fascia- Lung apex
Bucks fascia- Base of penis
Gerotas fascia- Surrounding kidney
Denonvilliers fascia- Between rectum and prostate

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120
Q

Contents of foramen ovale

A

Mnemonic: OVALE

O tic ganglion
V3 (Mandibular nerve:3rd branch of trigeminal)
A ccessory meningeal artery
L esser petrosal nerve
E missary veins

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121
Q

Branches of internal carotid artery

A

Mnemonic for branches of the cerebral portion of the internal carotid artery ‘Only Press Carotid Arteries Momentarily’

Only = Opthalmic
Press = Posterior communicating
Carotid = Choroidal
Arteries = Anterior cerebral
Momentarily = Middle cerebralBrach

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122
Q

Marginal mandibular nerve supplies

A

The marginal mandibular nerve lies deep to platysma. It supplies the depressor anguli oris and the depressor labii inferioris. If injured it may lead to facial asymmetry and dribbling.

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123
Q

Amomg vessels and nerves which structure is the most superficial to wub,andibulae gland

A

Mandibular branch of facial nerve

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124
Q

Submandibular duct stones are

A

Radio opaque
Seromucinous
Distal stones removed orally and proximal stones and infections need excision

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125
Q

Siadadenitis is caused by

A

Staphylococcus aureus infection

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126
Q

What us Branchial cyst

A

An oval, mobile cystic mass that develops between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the pharynx

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127
Q

Most common cause of neck swelling

A

Reactive lymphadenopathy

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128
Q

Pharyngeal pouch

A

Represents a posteromedial herniation between thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles

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129
Q

Which nerves leaves from middle cranial fossa and causes lacrimation issue

A

Greater petrosal nerve

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130
Q

Nerves of superior orbital fissure

A

SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE:
Outside
L - lacrimal F - frontal T - trochlear done
Inside
N - nasociliary A - abducent nerve O - oculomotor nerve
LFT done outside No Abnormality Occurred inside

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131
Q

Palatine bone forms which partof bony orbit

A

Inferior Wall of orbit

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132
Q

Position of ant and post ethmoidal artery

A

Ant and postethmoidal foramina are present B/w roof and medial wall orbitassociated with fronto ethmvidal Suture.

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133
Q

Position of superior and inf orbital fissure

A

Sup. is b/w greater and lesser wing of sphenoid
Inf. is b/ w greaterwing and maxillary bone

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134
Q

Air in orbit is due to# of

A

D ledial wall as it contains ethmoidal sinuses

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135
Q

Exit of trigeminal nerves from cranium

A

Standing Room Only -Exit of branches of trigeminal nerve from the skull

V1 -Superior orbital fissure
V2 -foramen Rotundum
V3 -foramen Ovale

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136
Q

Sphenopalatine Foramen contains what and connection between what cavities

A

At the level of the superior meatus, the sphenopalatine foramen is located. This hole allows communication between the nasal cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa. The sphenopalatine artery, nasopalatine and superior nasal nerves pass through here.

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137
Q

Terminal branch of maxillary artery

A

Sphenopalatine artery

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138
Q

External nasal nerve

A

*Branch of ant etthmoidal nerve ,a branch of opthalmic nerve
Supplies skin around nares, nasaIvestibule and tip of nose.

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139
Q

Structure passing through incisive canal

A

Nasopalatine nerve passes from nasal cavity to oral
Greater palatine artery passes from oral to nasal cavity through this foramen.

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140
Q

Patellar ligament

A

Distal part of quadriceps
On both side it is supp9rted by ligaments ofvastus m3dialis ND lateralis

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141
Q

Difference between medial and lateral collateral ligament

A

Both attach to medial/lateral epicondyle and condyle of femur and tibia
BUTonly medial one attaches to the meniscus
While on lateral side there is another light called anterolatreal lig which attaches to meniscus

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142
Q

What is anserine bursa

A

Anserine bursa
deep to Semitendinosus, Gracilis, and Sartorius tendons

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143
Q

Attachment of ant cruciate

A

Sup on medial side of lateral condyle of femur
Inf ant intercondylar area of tibiq just behind the meniscus

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144
Q

How many bursa around knee

A

12

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145
Q

Ant part of menisci of knee are joined by

A

Transverse ligament

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146
Q

MCL vs LCL ligqment

A

MCL damage if positive valgus
LCLdamage if positive varus

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147
Q

Which ligament splits tendon of biceps femoris

A

Lateral collateral ligament passes from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula in front of its highest point and splits the tendon of biceps femoris

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148
Q

primary restraint to valgus tilting of the talus.

A

Deltoid ligament

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149
Q

Syndesmosis

A

It consists of (from anterior to posterior) the
anterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL),
the transverse tibiofibular ligament (TTFL),
the interosseous membrane, and
the posterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL).

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150
Q

Mortise view

A

mortise views (20 degrees internal rotation of foot

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151
Q

Function of ankle vs subtalar joint

A

Ankle: dorsi and plantar flexion
Subtalar: inversion and eversion

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152
Q

Ankle reflex spinal nerve

A

S1 and S2

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153
Q

Muscles of planter flexion and dorsi flexion

A

Plantarflexion by muscles of posterior compartment of leg which are gastrokenemies solius posterior tibialis and plantaris
Dorsiflexion – produced by the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus).

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154
Q

Nervesupply to ankle

A

By tibial, superficial and common fibular

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155
Q

Which intrinsic muscle of the foot is not innervated by tibial nerve

A

Extensor digitorum brevis

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156
Q

Foot inversion muscles

A

Tibialis anterior and posterior

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157
Q

Which foot branch of tibial nerve arises before tarsal tunnel

A

Medial Calcaneal branch

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158
Q

1web spaceof toes is supplied by

A

Deep Peroneal Nerve

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159
Q

Medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerves origin

A

Medial is from Tibial Nerve
Lateralis from Common fibular nerve

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160
Q

Function of Fibularis longus

A
  1. Eversion
  2. Plantar Flexion
  3. Supports medial and lateral arches of foot
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161
Q

Position of Femoral artery

A

The femoral artery at the groin constantly lies halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the midline (the pubicsymphysis nottuberule)

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162
Q

Position ofsuprarenal and the gonadal (ovarian or testicular) arteriesin relation to renal arteries

A

suprarenal and the gonadal (ovarian or testicular) arteries as separate branches, respectively above andbelow the origins of the renal arteries on each side at L1 level

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163
Q

Caudate lobe blood flow

A

The caudate lobe receives an independent blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and artery and its branch ofthe hepatic vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.4.

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164
Q

Normal portal pressure

A

Normal portal pressure is 5–8 mmHg

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165
Q

Which organ lies anterior in direct contact with the left kidney without separation by visceral peritoneum?

A

The suprarenal, pancreatic, and colic areas are devoid of peritoneum.5.

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166
Q

Function of psoas major muscle

A

inserts on the lesser trochanter of the femur and thus flexes the thigh at the hip joint arnel external rotation.

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167
Q

a subcostal flank approach to the kidney, which of the following may be incised to increase upward mobility of the 12th rib?

A

costovertebral ligament is a strong fascial attachment between the transverse process of the first and second lumbarvertebrae and the inferior margin of the 12th rib.

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168
Q

descending duodenumalso called

A

2nd part of duodenum

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169
Q

descending duodenum relation

A

The descending part of the duodenum (the second part) descends vertically, directly anterior to the hilum of the right kidney,and as a result is intimately related on its posterior aspect to the medial margin of the right kidney, renal pelvis, pelviureteric

3

junction, and often the right proximal ureter. The common bile duct also lies posterior and drains into the descendingduodenum. Directly medial and intimately related to the descending duodenum lies the pancreatic head.8.
Lies post to transverse colon

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170
Q

anteriorly the right ureter is related to

A

anteriorly the right ureter is related to the terminal ileum, caecum, appendix,and ascending colon and their mesenteries.

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171
Q

injury to the ilioinguinal nerve

A

Loss Of sensation to the mons pubis and anterior scrotum in the male and labia majora inthe female.

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172
Q

Inferior epi vessel lies

A

Between transverse abd muscle and peritoneum

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173
Q

Aorta relation to left main bronchus
Azygous vein to Right main bronchus

A

Posterior to bronchus

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174
Q

Nerves post and ant to hila of Lungs

A

vagus post toit
Phresic ant to it

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175
Q

Medial and Lateral femoral circumflex arteries are direct branches of

A

Profunda femurus artery

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176
Q

Relationship of femoral artery to profanda femorus artery

A

Femoral artery is medial to it

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177
Q

Interior and posterior circumflex arteries are branches of

A

Obturator artery

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178
Q

Site of ectopic pregnancies

A

Most common site is ampula off filopian tube
2nd most common site is isthmus/ of uterine tube

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179
Q

Type a aortic dissection versus type b

A

Type Ain ascending andarch of aorta
B in descending aortaa after brachioaphallic trunkorigin

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180
Q

Parasympathetic Ganglion and Nerves
.
.

A

4 ganglions and 4 cranial Nerves
Edinger-Westphal nucleus»Oculomotor Neve»>Ciliary Ganglion
Superior salivatory nucleus»>Facial Nerve&raquo_space;>Pteaygopalatine ganglion and Submandibular ganglion
Inferior salivatory nucleus»> Glossopharrygeal Nerve&raquo_space;>Otic Ganglion

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181
Q

Uterine artery is a branch of

A

Internal iliac artery

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182
Q

Post int Nerve runs b/w

A

Two heads of spuinator

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183
Q

Medion nerve enters forearm bfw

A

two heads of pronator teres

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184
Q

Ulnar nerve enters Forearm b /w

A

Two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris
post to medial epicondyle

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185
Q

Intraosseous access

A

typically undertaken at the anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibia

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186
Q

Content of cubital fossa

A

Mnemonic for contents of the cubital fossa – Really Need (radial nerve) Beer To (biceps tendon) Be At (brachial artery) My Nicest (median nerve).

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187
Q

Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture

A

brachial artery, if not repaired, can cause Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture (uncontrolled flexion of the hand) as the forearm flexor muscles become fibrotic and short.

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188
Q

subclavian artery division

A

The subclavian artery travels laterally towards the axilla. It can be divided into three parts based on its position relative to the anterior scalene muscle:

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189
Q

Axillary artery is divided into 3 parts by which muscle

A

he artery can be divided into three parts based on its position relative to the pectoralis minor muscle

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190
Q

Axillary artery converts to brachial artery by

A

The brachial artery is a continuation of the axillary artery past the lower border of the teres major. It is the main supply of blood for the arm.

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191
Q

Relation of medion nerve and brachial artery

A

In proximal humerus M lies lateral to Band switch to Medial by moving ant over it

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192
Q

Which nerve runs with Profundq Brachi artery

A

Radial Nerve in spiral groove

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193
Q

Ganglia of sympathetic system is found in

A

Paraspinal region billaterally

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194
Q

Camper vs scarpa fascia of abdominal wall

A

Camper is superficial and fatty
Scarpa is deep than this and membramous

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195
Q

Colle fascia

A

Continuation of scarpa fascia from abd to perineum and it separates base of penis from prostate

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196
Q

Dartos fascia

A

Continuation of scarpa fascia into scrotum

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197
Q

Fascia lata joins which fascia under inguinal ligament

A

Scarpa fascia

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198
Q

1Tester drains into which lymph nodes
2 Scrotal skin drainage ?

A

1Para aortic lymph nodes
2 inguinal lymph nodes

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199
Q

Ligament nuchae

A

The ligamentum nuchae is a midline intervertebral syndesmosis that spans the cervical spine, and its posterior border is firmly attached to the external occipital protuberance and to the spinous process of C7.
Triangular in shape

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200
Q

Ligament nuchae vs supraspinous ligament

A

1st one attaches from occipital protuberance till C7 apinous process
2nd one from C7 to sacrum

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201
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

Upperr part of posterior longitudinal ligament from occipital to C2

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202
Q

Posterior longitudinal membrane

A

On the anterior surface of vertebral column

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203
Q

IVC relation to epiploic foramen

A

Forms Posterior wall of epiploic foramen

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204
Q

Pringle Manoeuvre

A

During liver surgery Pringles manoeuvre, this involves placing a vascular clamp across the anterior aspect of the epiploic foramen. Thereby occluding:
Common bile duct

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205
Q

Blood supply of omentum

A

The vessels supplying the omentum are the omental branches of the right and left gastro-epiploic arteries

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206
Q

he arterial supply to the gastric component is mainly provided by which of these vessels?

A

Right gastroepiploic artery

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207
Q

Stomach venous drainage

A

right and left gastric veins drain directly into the portal vein

right gastro-epiploic vein either drains into the SMV or middle colic vein.

left gastro-epiploic and short gastric veins drain into the splenic vein

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208
Q

which peritoneal ligament is absent in infants but present in adults

A

Gastro colic ligament

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209
Q

Left border of lesser sac

A

Made by
Splenorenal ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament

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210
Q

Structures post and ant to lesserseac

A

Post: Pancreas,Left Kidney
Ant: Caudate lobe of liver, post border of Lesseromentum,post side of stomach and postaspect of ant two layers of greateromentum

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211
Q

Omental bossa is also called

A

Lesser sac

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212
Q

Epiploic foramen is found at which vertebral level

A

T12

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213
Q

Position of cardia of stomach and pyloricsphincter

A

Cardin at T11 leveI
pyloricsphincter atL1 Level of transpyloric plane

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214
Q

Ligaments of Lesser omentum

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatogastric ligament

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215
Q

junction of the body and pyloric region of stomach is present at

A

The most inferior part of the lesser curvature, the angular notch, indicates the junction of the body and pyloric region.

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216
Q

Normal constrictions of esophagus

A

There are 3
cervical constriction: due to cricoid cartilage at the level of C5/6. thoracic constriction: due to aortic arch at the level of T4/5. abdominal constriction: at esophageal hiatus at T10/11.

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217
Q

dividing line b/w supra and infra colic greater sac

A

transverse mesocolon attachment to post abdominal wall

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218
Q

Equivalent of bulbourethral gland in women

A

Bartholin cyst

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219
Q

Bulbourethral glands are also called

A

Cowper gland

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220
Q

Structures arising from urogenital sinus

A

Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Bladder except trigone
Prostate gland

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221
Q

PRostate specific antigen is produced by

A

Bulbourethral gland

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222
Q

Structures of deep perennial pouch in men

A

Membranous urethra
sphincter urethra muscle
bulbourethral glands
deep transverse perennial muscles
internal Pudendal vessels and
dorsal nerve of the penis

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223
Q

Superficial perennial fascia forms what

A

Inf boundary of superficial perineal pouch

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224
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus deals with

A

Regulation of circadian Rhythm

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225
Q

Fossa navicularis

A

Normal dilation at distal penile region

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226
Q

Widest part of male urethra

A

Prosotatic

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227
Q

Urethra is lined by

A

Proximal..pseudosttatified columnar epi
Distal… squamous epi

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228
Q

Palmar digital veins drain into dorsal through

A

Intercapitular veins

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229
Q

Cardiac catherization is done incephalic or basilic ?

A

In Basilic vein bCZ cep has a very difficult path

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230
Q

anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins feed into

A

Basilic vein below lower border of teres major

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231
Q

The thoracoacromial arteryarises at upper border of which muscle

A

upper edge of the Pectoralis minor.

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232
Q

The level 3 axillary nodes lie between which muscles.

A

The level 3 axillary nodes lie between pectoralis major and minor.

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233
Q

The level 3 axillary nodes clearance affect which artery

A

Thoracoacromial artery

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234
Q

Thoracoacromial artery gives it’s branchesnafter piercing

A

Clavipectoral fascia or voracoclavicular fascia

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235
Q

Acromial anastomosis is formed by which arteries

A

suprascapular, thoracoacromial, and posterior humeral circumflex arteries.

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236
Q

Clavicle branch of thoracoacromial artery supplies

A

sternoclavicular joint, supplying this articulation, and the Subclavius.

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237
Q

Deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery supplies

A

Pectoralis major and Deltoid

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238
Q

Which structures run in delto pectoral groove

A

Cephalic vein and deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery

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239
Q

Isthmus of thyroid location

A

Rhyme isthmus location:

Rings 2,3,4 make the isthmus floor

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240
Q

Thyroidea ima Origin

A

Thyroidea ima (in 10% of population -from brachiocephalic artery or aorta)

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241
Q

Ansa cervicalis loops around

A

Subclavian artery on right side
Arch of Aorta on left side

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242
Q

Thyroid attaches to which foramen of skull

A

attached to foramen caecum at the base of the tongue

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243
Q

What is ligament of berry

A

Posteriomedially each thyroid lobe is ttached to 2nd, 3rd, 4th tracheal rings or cricoid cartilage (attached via Ligament of Berry)

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244
Q

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries are in relation to which nerves

A

External laryngeal nerve (near superior thyroid artery)

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (near inferior thyroid artery

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245
Q

The two bellies of omohyoid are attached in front of?

A

Internal jugular vein

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246
Q

Anterior jugular vein is anterior to which part of thyroid gland

A

Isthmus

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247
Q

Which structures are prone to damage while cutting ligament of berry

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior thyroid artery can be injured during cutting ligament of berry

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248
Q

Which muscles attach at oblique line of thyroid cartilage

A

Sterno thyroid
Inf constrictor
Thyrohyoid

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249
Q

which muscle is dissected during thyroidectomy

A

Sternohyoid muscle is dissected during thyroidectomy as they are connected together by a median raphe

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250
Q

1st branch of external carotid artery

A

Superior thyroid artery (1st branch of external carotid)

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251
Q

Ist branch of Thyrocervical Trunk

A

Inf thyroid artery

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252
Q

Blood supply of Parathyroid glands

A

InF thyroidartery

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253
Q

Arterial supply of thyroid

A

Superior thyroid artery (1st branch of external carotid)
Inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk)

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254
Q

Demifacets of which ribs

A

2nd and 7th rib

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255
Q

Relation of Left brachiocephalic vein with sternum

A

The left brachiocephalic vein lies posterior to the manubrium, at the level of its upper border

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256
Q

Structures at sternal angle

A

Costal cartilages of the 2nd ribs
Transition point between superior and inferior mediastinum
Arch of the aorta
Tracheal bifurcation
Union of the azygos vein and superior vena cava
The thoracic duct crosses to the midline

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257
Q

sternoclavicular joint is what Kind of joint

A

fibrocartilage

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258
Q

The sternoclavicular joint consists of?

A

The sternoclavicular joint consists of the sternal end of the clavicle, the manubrium of the sternum, and part of the 1st costal cartilage

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259
Q

sternoclavicular joint is which Kind of joint

A

Type of joint – being a saddle joint it can move in two axes.

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260
Q

which ligament is main for sternoclavicular joint stabilizing

A

Costoclavicular ligament is the main
stabilising force for the joint, resisting elevation of the pectoral girdle.

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261
Q

Costoclavicular joint is reinforced superiorly by

A

Interclavicular ligament

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262
Q

What are Hassall’s corpuscles

A

Hassall’s corpuscles are the concentric ring of epithelial cells seen in the medulla of the thymus.

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263
Q

The thymus develops from which pharyngeal structure

A

The thymus develops from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches

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264
Q

Vascular supply of thymus

A

Its arterial supply is from the internal mammary artery or pericardiophrenic arteries. Venous drainage is to the left brachiocephalic vein.

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265
Q

Pericardial artery of thoracic aota supplies

A

Dorsal portion of pericardium

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266
Q

Superior phrenic artery is a branch of

A

Thoracic aorta
it supplies the superior portion of the diaphragm

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267
Q

Difference between right and left bronchial arteries

A

Left side arise thoracic aorta from while right side ones arise from third posterior intercostal artery

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268
Q

Subcostal arteries arise from

A

First 2 from subclavian artery
Further 9 arises from posterior aspect of thoracic aorta

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269
Q

Muscles supplied by Ansa cervicalis

A

Ansa cervicalis
Superior Omohyoid
SternoThyroid
SternoHyoid
Inferior Omohyoid

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270
Q

Cell bodies of the pre-ganglionic efferent neurones of sympathetic system lies in which horn

A

lateral horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord ‘

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271
Q

Thoracic sympathetic chain is ssurrounded by which structure

A

Parietal pleura

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272
Q

Cervical sympathetic chain is present ant and post to which regions

A

Lie anterior to the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and posterior to the carotid sheath.

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273
Q

Lumbar sympathetic chain relation

A

Lie anteriorly to the vertebrae and medial to psoas major.

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274
Q

origin of the sympathetic nervous system is found within which part of sspinal cord

A

thoracolumbar division (T1 to L2,3).

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275
Q

he cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the SNS are found only in the

A

are found only in the intermediolateral cell columns (ICLs) of the spinal cord, one

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276
Q

intermediolateral cell columns (ICLs) belong to which horn of spinal cord

A

ICLs are part of the lateral horns of the gray matter of the thoracic (T1-12) and upper lumbar (L2 or L3) spinal cord

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277
Q

what is ganglion impar /ganglion of Walther

A

Paravertebral Column converge anteriorly at the coccyx, forming the ganglion impar (ganglion of Walther)

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278
Q

Prevertebral ganglia of SNS are

A

Celiac
Aorticorenal
Superior mesenteric ganglia.
Inferior mesenteric ganglia.

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279
Q

SNS cell bodies and their supply

A

/T1-6 cell bodies that are located superiorly innervate the head, upper limb and thoracic viscera.
T7-11 located in the middle innervate the body wall and abdominal viscera,
T11-L2(3) located inferiorly innervate the lower limb and pelvic viscera.

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280
Q

Middle cervical ganglion location

A

C6 level

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281
Q

Superior cervical ganglion Location

A

lies anterior to C2 and C3.

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282
Q

For treatment of hyperhidrosis. what is done

A

hyperhidrosis the sympathetic denervation can be achieved by removing the second and third thoracic ganglia with their ram

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283
Q

why T1 not denervated for hyperhidrosis

A

Removal of T1 will cause a Horners syndrome and is therefore not performed.

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284
Q

Why ganglia till L2 and below are disrupted and not above this location

A

If L1 is removed then ejaculation may be compromised (and little additional benefit conferred as the preganglionic fibres do not arise below L2.

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285
Q
A

The preganglionic fibres of SNS only arise from T1 to L2 level

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286
Q

Catecholamine is made ofwhich Amino Acids

A

Catecholamine (phenylalanine and tyrosine)

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287
Q

which adrenergic receptors on SKELETAL mseles

A

β 2 receptors in skeletal muscle vessels-causing vasodilation

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288
Q

How adrenaline causes narrow pulse pressure

A

Vasoconstriction in the skin and kidneys causing anarrow pulse pressure

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289
Q

Adrenaline effects on alpha receptors

A

β adrenergic receptors:

Stimulates glucagon secretion in the pancreas

Stimulates ACTH

Stimulates lipolysis by adipose tissue

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290
Q

Adrenaline

effecton beta receptors

A

β adrenergic receptors:

Stimulates glucagon secretion in the pancreas

Stimulates ACTH

Stimulates lipolysis by adipose tissue

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291
Q

How insulin and glucagon levels are affected by adrenaline

A

α adrenergic receptors: action adrenaline stimulates insulin secretion by the pancreas

By beta adrenergic action adrenaline stimulates glucagon secretion

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292
Q

Carotid Sinus contains

A

Baro receptors

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293
Q

Carotid Sinis Location

A

At bifurcation of Common Carotid artery
C4 Level / Upper border of thyroid Cartilage

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294
Q

cervical sympathetic chainand prevertebral fascia relation

A

The cervical sympathetic chain lies anteriorly to prevertebral fascia.
I

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295
Q

Superficial layer of deep cervical fasci encloses which muscle

A

Ant Sternocleidomastoid
Postero laterally Trapezius muscle

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296
Q

Aortic arch is covered superiorly by which neck fascia

A

Pretracheal

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297
Q

Whichstructure is completely Surrounded by pretracheal fascia

A

Thyroid gland

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298
Q

Retropharyngeal space location

A

Post to Buccopharyngeal fascia and anterior to Alar fascia and Prevertebral fascia

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299
Q

Scalone muscles are present in which fascia

A

Prevertebrald fascia

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300
Q

which structure Lies posterior to the carotid sheath at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra?

A

Middle Cervical ganglion of SNS

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301
Q

At which vertebral level common carotid can be compressed

A

The anterior tubercle of C6 transverse process is prominent and the artery can be compressed against this structure

302
Q

Level of cricoid cartilage

A

C6

303
Q

Diff of Right and left common carotid course in the neck

A

there is no thoracic duct on the right. The oesophagus is less closely related to the right carotid than the left

304
Q

Internal carotid artery supply

A

forehead, nose, eyes and the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere (internal carotid artery)

305
Q

Carotid Sinus location

A

The carotid sinus is a dilation of the base of the internal carotid artery, referred to as a baroreceptor and is innervated by the carotid branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

306
Q

Carotid Body location

A

located posterior to the carotid bifurcation, involved in relaying information about the arterial chemical composition to respiratory centres in the brainstem. Like the carotid sinus, it is innervated by the carotid branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

307
Q

What is carotid tubercle

A

carotid tubercle (transverse process 6th cervical vertebra

308
Q

Stellate ganglion location

A

anterior to transverse process of C7, lies posterior to the subclavian artery, vertebral artery and cervical pleura

309
Q

If Hyperhidrosis of hands and feet, which area’s sympathectomy needs to be done

A

Superior cervical ganglion at T2 and T3

310
Q

Nerves at risk during a carotid endarterectomy:

A

Hypoglossal nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Superior laryngeal nerve

311
Q

From which pharyngeal pouch does sup and inf parathyroid arises

A

The inferior parathyroid is a derivative of the third pharyngeal pouch.
The superior parathyroid originates from the fourth pharyngeal pouch.

Improve

312
Q

Superior parathyroid is in relation to which artery

A

Inferior thyroid artery

313
Q

What is a roof top incision

A

A rooftop incision is typically used to access the pancreas for resectional surgery.

314
Q

What is the space of Retzius

A

Bladder can be accessed via an extraperitoneal approach through the space of Retzius

315
Q

What is battle incision

A

Similar location to paramedian but rectus displaced medially (and thus denervated

316
Q

Kocher incision

A

Incision under right subcostal margin e.g. Cholecystectomy (open)

317
Q

What is the classical indication for a Mercedes Benz incision?

A

Liver transplantation

318
Q

McEvedy’s incision

A

Groin incision e.g. Emergency repair strangulated femoral hernia

319
Q

the incision approach of choice for first time renal transplantation

A

.Rutherford Morrison

320
Q

Which structure is runs in coronary sulcus

A

Right coronary artery

321
Q

Which pericardial sinus is used for CABG

A

The transverse pericardial sinus is found superiorly on the heart. It can be used in coronary artery bypass grafting

322
Q

Which pericardial layer causes problem during tamponade

A

Fibrous pericardium rigid structure prevents rapid overfilling of the heart, but can contribute to serious clinical consequences (see cardiac tamponade).

323
Q

Whichpericardium Continuous with the central tendon of the diaphragm

A

Fibrous

324
Q

The purkinje fibres are located in which layer.

A

Subendocardial layer

325
Q

Cause of myocarditis

A

often due to viruses such asadenovirusandcoxsackie B.

326
Q

superior and inferior vena cavae opens in which part of RA

A

Sinus venarum

327
Q

Location of coronary sinus

A

opens into the right atrium between the inferior vena cava orifice and the right atrioventricular orifice.

328
Q

Auricle are formed by

A

Pectinate muscles

329
Q

What is supraventricular crest

A

The right ventricle can be divided into an inflow and outflow portion, which are separated by a muscular ridge known as the supraventricular crest.

330
Q

Derivation of bulbus cordis

A

The outflow portion of left and right ventricle

331
Q

Location of SA NOd3

A

Where where SVC enters

332
Q

Av node is present at

A

Near the opening of coronary sinus in the AV septum

333
Q

Contents of carotid sheath:

A

Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve

334
Q

Conus arteriosus

A

The conus arteriosus (infundibulum) is the smooth walled outflow tract of the right ventricle leading to the pulmonary trunk.

335
Q

most common anomaly of the thoracic venous system

A

Persistent left superior vena cava is the

336
Q

Persistent LEFT SVC drains into heart through

A

Coronary sinus

337
Q

Sup and Infquadranopia and site of lesion

A

Superior quadranopia = temporal lobe lesion
Inferior quadranopia = parietal lobe lesion

338
Q

What are thespian veins

A

contribute to the venous drainage of the heart into right atrium

339
Q

Lower bitemporal hemianopia

A

What type of visual field defect is most likely to be noted in a patient with a craniopharyngioma?

340
Q

Carina location

A

The trachea bifurcates at the level of the angle of Louis which is the intervertebral space between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebra.

341
Q

Sternocleidpmastoid movement damages which structure

A

Accessory nerve

342
Q

Where is a gomphoses type of fibrous joint typically found?

A

Teeth

343
Q

Location of roots of brachial plexus

A

between the anterior and medial scalene muscles to enter the base of the neck.

344
Q

Which pa4t of brachial plexus is located in post triangle

A

Root

345
Q

Nerve arising from C5 root of BPlexus

A

Dorsal scapular nerve
It supplies rhomoid major and minor muscles

346
Q

Thoracodorsal nerve arises from

A

Roots of C5,6 and 7
And supplies serratus anterior muscle

347
Q

Nerves arising from roots of brachial plexus

A

Dorsal scapular and long thoracic nerve

348
Q

Nerves arising from trunk of brachial plexus

A

Suprascapular nerve
Nerve to subclavius

349
Q

3hich part of brachial plexus doesn’t have any branches

A

DIVISIONS

350
Q

Pneumonic for branches of posterior cord

A

ULTRA
Upper subscapular
Lower subscapular
Thoracodorsal
Radial
Axillary

351
Q

Cords of brachial pl3xus relation axillary artery

A

To 2md part of axillary artery

352
Q

Which nerve forms in front of the last part of Axillary Artery

A

Median nerve forms by the combination of medial and lateral chord in front of it

353
Q

Transverse process In the thoracic vertebrae,

A

In the thoracic vertebrae, the transverse processes articulate with the ribs.

354
Q

Pedicles of vertebra

A

connect the vertebral body to the transverse processes

355
Q

Lamina of vertebra

A

Lamina – connect the transverse and spinous processes.

356
Q

Unique feature of cervical vertebra

A

Bufid spinous process except C1 and C7
Transverse foramina
Triangular vertebral column in C1 and C2

357
Q

Unique features of thoracic vertebra

A

Demi factes for articulation with heads of two diff ribs
Coastal facet for articulation with shaft of the respective rib
Spinous process is oblique and jnferior

358
Q

Which vertebrae has no arches

A

Coccyx

359
Q

What is ligamentum flavum

A

Ligamentum flavum – extends between lamina of adjacent vertebrae.

360
Q

Which intervertebral area doesn’t have disc

A

There is one disc between each pair of vertebrae, except for C1/2 and the sacrococcygeal vertebrae.

361
Q

Right subclavian and left embryo origin

A

Right:4th aortic arch of right dorsal aorta and 7th intersegmental artery
Left: 7th intersegmental artery

362
Q

Pulsation of which part of subclavian artery can be felt

A

3rd part in omoclavicular triangle

363
Q

Brachiocephalic trunkip and subclavian relation

A

Inferior trunk lies posteriorly to 3rd part of subclavian artery

364
Q

Branches of subclavian artery

A

Branches
Vertebral artery
Internal thoracic artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Costocervical trunk
Dorsal scapular artery

Mnemonic: ‘VIT C and D’

365
Q

Subclavian artery is divided through which muscle

A

In 3 parts by ant scalene muscle

366
Q

Blood supply to upper back

A

Dorsal scapular artery a branch of subclavian artery

367
Q

Which nerves is present in investing layer of neck

A

Cervical branch of facial nerve
Transverse cutaneousnerve of neck

368
Q

Digastric muscle nerve supply

A

Nerve supply to digastric muscle
Anterior: Mylohyoid nerve
Posterior: Facial nerve

369
Q

Potato tumor

A

/enlargement of carotid body

370
Q

Which part of ANSA CERVICALIS in carotid triangle

A

Upper root/ descends root

371
Q

Nerves damaged during axillary node clearance

A

INTER COSTOBRQCHIAL
LONG THORACIC NERVE

372
Q

Uncinate process of pancreas arise from which bud

A

Ventral bud
Also pancreatic duct also arises from this structure

373
Q

Minor duct of Santorini

A

The minor duct of pancreas which arises from dorsal bud

374
Q

annular pancreas where is the most likely site of obstruction

A

2nd part of duodenum

375
Q

Blood supply of head of pancreas

A

Head: pancreaticoduodenal artery
Rest: splenic artery

376
Q

Location of SMA to pancreass

A

The superior mesenteric artery lies behind the neck of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process.

377
Q

the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries are branches of

A

superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries which are branches of the gastroduodenal (from coeliac trunk) and superior mesenteric arteries, respectively.

378
Q

Causes of pancreatitis

A

GET SMASHED:

Gall stones
Ethanol
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune
Scorpion stings
Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism
ERCP – endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Drugs – such as sodium valproate, azathioprine and sulphonamides

379
Q

Function of biceps

A

Flex the shoulder and elbow
Supinates the arm

380
Q

brachioradialis function

A

Flexion at elbow and supination of forearm

381
Q

Triangular ligament

A

On right and left side of hepatic formed when upper and lower coronary Ligaments join

382
Q

Saphenous Nerve

A

It contains the saphenous nerve, femoral vein and the superficial branch of the femoral artery.

383
Q

Nerve supply of tensor tympani and stapedius muscle

A

The tensor tympani is innervated by the trigeminal nerve
the stapedius by the facial

384
Q

Witch nerve is associated with middle meningeal artery

A

The middle meningeal artery is intimately associated with the auriculotemporal nerve

385
Q

Capitate is not associated with which nerve

A

Ulnar

386
Q

Capitate articulates with which other bones

A

The capitate bone articulates with the lunate, scaphoid, hamate and trapezoid bones, which are therefore closely related to it.

387
Q

Ulnar nerve and artery are adjacent to which carpal bone

A

Pisiform

388
Q

The spinal accessory nerve innervates

A

The spinal accessory nerve innervates trapezius. The entire muscle will retract the scapula. However, its upper and lower fibres act together to upwardly rotate it.

389
Q

Pudenal nerve relation to Perineal space

A

The pudendal nerve is located in the deep perineal space and then branches to innervate more superficial structures

390
Q

What happens to Anatomical dead space after tracheostomy

A

Decreased by 50%

391
Q

which nerve lies between the superior cerebelar and posterior cerebral arteries

A

Oculomotor nerve

392
Q

Which artery is decompressed to treat Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

Superior cerebellar artery

393
Q

The posterior inferior cerebelar artery arise from

A

Vertebral artery

394
Q

labyrinthine artery origin and relation

A

Arise from lower partof basilar
Accompanies facial and vestibule cochlear Nerve

395
Q

Adductor of shoulder joint

A

Pectoralis major, Teresa major, corachobrachialis, lats dorsi

396
Q

the point of aortic bifurcation

A

L4

397
Q

ectopic testis

A

A testis at the base of the penis is ectopic, not listed is the superficial inguinal pouc

398
Q

arterial supply to the prostate gland

A

The arterial supply to the prostate gland is from the inferior vesical artery

399
Q

inferior vesical artery is a branch of

A

Internal iliac artery

400
Q

inability to adduct the thumb

A

Damage to the deep branch of the ulnar nerve may result in an inability to adduct the thumb

401
Q

first branch of the axillary artery

A

The superior thoracic artery is the first branch of the axillary artery arises from the first part

402
Q

long head of the triceps muscle arise?

A

The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle

403
Q

At which of the following levels does the inferior thyroid artery enter the thyroid gland?

A

It enters the gland at C6

404
Q

The space between the vocal cords is referred to as which of the following?

A

The rima glottidis is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity.

Improve

405
Q

clinically distinguish between an upper and lower motor neurone lesion of the facial nerve?

A

Upper motor neurone lesions of the facial nerve- Paralysis of the lower half of face.
Lower motor neurone lesion- Paralysis of the entire ipsilateral face

406
Q

Patey Mastectom

A

During a Patey Mastectomy surgeons divide pectoralis minor to gain access to level 3 node

407
Q

How many compartments are there in the lower leg?

A

4

408
Q

Waldeyers fascia

A

Waldeyers fascia separates the mesorectum from the sacrum

409
Q

Fascial layers surrounding the rectum

A

Fascial layers surrounding the rectum:

Anteriorly lies the fascia of Denonvilliers

Posteriorly lies Waldeyers fascia

410
Q

The terminal part of the thoracic duct relation

A

The terminal part of the thoracic duct inserts into the left subclavian vein and it passes posterior to the jugular vein.

411
Q

Superior mesenteric artery first branch

A

inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery.

Improve

412
Q

The superior adrenal artery is a branch of

A

The superior adrenal artery is a branch of the inferior phrenic artery.

Improve

413
Q

Cardiooesophageal junction leve

A

Cardiooesophageal junction level = T11

414
Q

Spinal level of ext4nsor hallucis longus

A

Extensor hallucis longus is derived from L5 a

415
Q

Muscles supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

All larynx muscles except cricothyroid

416
Q

Nerve supply to cricoid muscle

A

The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle.

417
Q

The internal spermatic fascia (derived from transversalis fascia) invests:

A

The internal spermatic fascia (derived from transversalis fascia) invests:
Ductus deferens
Testicular vessels

418
Q

Structures made from transversalis fascia

A

Deep inguinal ring
Internal spermatic fascia

419
Q

annular pancreas is caused by which part of pancreas

A

Ventral

420
Q

External carotid artery branches mnemonic:

A

External carotid artery branches mnemonic:

‘Some Angry Lady Figured Out PMS’

Superior thyroid (superior laryngeal artery branch)
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial (tonsillar and labial artery)
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary (inferior alveolar artery, middle meningeal artery)
Superficial temporal

421
Q

The psoas major inserts

A

The psoas major inserts into the lesser trochante

422
Q

ulnar paradox

A

The ulnar paradox- the higher the lesion, the less the clawing of the fingers seen clinically.’

423
Q

Damage to the which nerve will result in a Trendelenburg gait.

A

Damage to the superior gluteal nerve will result in a Trendelenburg gait.

424
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate in neonates?

A

L3

425
Q

In TURP if thigh twitches then which nerve could be involved

A

The obturator nerve is most closely related to the bladder (see below)

426
Q

Which of the structures are most closely related to the axillary nerve within the quadrangular space

A

The posterior circumflex humeral vessels which are branches of the axillary artery are related to the axillary nerve within the quadrangular space.

Improve

427
Q

biopsy from the posterolateral aspect of the right neck is planned. Which nerve is at greatest risk?

A

The accessory nerve has a superficial course and is easily injured. It lies under platysma and may be divided during the early part of the procedure.

Improve

428
Q

division of which fascial layers will expose the ansa cervicalis?

A

The ansa cervicalis lies anterior to the carotid artery and on the carotid sheath. It may be exposed by division of the pretracheal fascia at the posterolateral aspect of the thyroid gland

429
Q

A man undergoes a high anterior resection for carcinoma of the upper rectum. Which vessels will require ligation?

A

The IMA is usually divided during anterior resection.

430
Q

which structure is the central tendon of the diaphragm derived?

A

The septum transversum is a thick ridge of mesodermal tissue in the developing embryo that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and forms the central tendon of the diaphragm

431
Q

The left main bronchus lies at

A

The left main bronchus lies at T6.

432
Q

structures passing behind the medial malleolus from anterior to posterior include

A

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial vein, posterior tibial artery, nerve, flexor hallucis longus.

433
Q

McEvedy’s incision

A

Emergency repair strangulated femoral hernia

434
Q

pulsatile swelling between the greater trochanter and pubic tubercle which vessel is more likely to be affected?

A

The level specified would lie within the femoral triangle and therefore represents the femoral artery

435
Q

Level of vertebra of
Hyoid
Notch of the thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage(termination)

A

Hyoid C3
Notch of the thyroid cartilage C4
Cricoid cartilage(termination) C6

436
Q

Thoracicduct relationto esophagus

A

The thoracic duct lies posterior to the oesophagus and passes to the left at the level of the Angle of Louis. It enters the thorax at T12 alongside with the aorta.

437
Q

safe triangle for chest drain

A

Anterior edge latissimus dorsi, the lateral border of pectoralis major, a line superior to the horizontal level of the nipple, and the apex below the axilla.

438
Q

root values of the sciatic nerve?

A

The sciatic nerve most commonly arises from L4 to S3.

439
Q

winging of the scapular laterally vs mediaaly

A

If Mediaaly then due to LONG THORQCIC NERVE
If laterally then SPINAL ACCEROSY NERVE

440
Q

Which area of face is not supplied by trigeminal nerve

A

The trigeminal nerve is the major sensory nerve to the face except over the angle of the jaw. The angle of the jaw is innervated by the greater auricular nerve.

441
Q

Sibson’s fascia encloses

A

Sibson’s fascia overlies the apices of both lungs
suprapleural fascia (Sibson’s fascia) runs from C7 to the first rib and overlies the apex of both lungs.I

442
Q

Post hysterectomy reports pain and reduced sensation over the medial aspect of her thigh. Clinically thigh adduction is weak

A

The obturator nerve supplies sensation to the medial aspect of the thigh and causes adduction and internal rotation of the thigh.

443
Q

Sigmood sinus drains into

A

The sigmoid sinus is joined by the inferior petrosal sinus to drain into the internal jugular vein.

444
Q

Hip internal rotators

A

Mnemonic lateral hip rotators: P-GO-GO-Q (top to bottom)

Piriformis
Gemellus superior
Obturator internus
Gemellus inferior
Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris

445
Q

Which structure forms the largest tributary of the coronary sinus?

A

The great cardiac vein runs in the anterior interventricular groove, and is the largest tributary of the coronary sinus

446
Q

Foramen spinosum transmits

A

The foramen spinosum transmits the middle meningeal artery

447
Q

Bile duct vs cystic duct is supplied by

A

Bile: hepatic and re/troduodenal branches of the gastroduodenal artery
Cystic: only hepatic artery

448
Q

superior vena caval obstruction. How many collateral circulations exist as alternative pathways of venous return?

None

A

There are 4 collateral venous systems:
Azygos venous system
Internal mammary venous pathway
Long thoracic venous system with connections to the femoral and vertebral veins (2 pathways)

449
Q

prostate lymphatic drainage

A

The prostate lymphatic drainage is primarily to the internal iliac nodes and also the sacral nodes.

450
Q

Middle meningeal artery is a branch of

A

middle meningeal arterys a branch of the maxillary artery

451
Q

Ovarian lymphatic supply

A

Para aortic lymph nodes

452
Q

Uterine funds drains into which lymphatic

A

Para aortic arch
May also to inguinal

453
Q

Uterine body ,ymphatic drainage

A

To iliac lymph nodes via broad ligament

454
Q

Cervix drains into

A

three potential nodal stations; laterally through the broad ligament to the external iliac nodes,
along the lymphatics of the uterosacral fold to the presacral nodes and
posterolaterally along lymphatics lying alongside the uterine vessels to the internal iliac nodes.

455
Q

In left hemicolectomy which structure will be on inf aspect of psoas major

A

Left ureter

456
Q

Boundaries of femoral 🔺️

A

Superiorly Inguinal ligament
Laterally Sartorius
Medially Adductor longus
Floor Iliopsoas, adductor longus and pectineus
Roof
Fascia lata and Superficial fascia
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (palpable below the inguinal ligament)
Long saphenous vein

457
Q

carpal bones is a sesamoid bone in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Pisiform

458
Q

The tenia coli converge at

A

The tenia coli converge at the base of the appendix.

459
Q

Blood I’m paracolic gutter after traction of left hemicolon
Injury in

A

Spleen

460
Q

Ligament important in providing support to the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

ligament of Treitz

461
Q

cuboid’s distal articular surface?

A

The cuboid is located at the lateral aspect of the foot between the calcaneus posteriorly and the 4th and 5th metatarsals distally.

462
Q

most important structure involved in supporting theuterus

A

The central perineal tendon provides the main structural support to the uterus.

463
Q

Pain and temperature sensation transmitted through

A

Spinothalamic tract- Pain and temperature

464
Q

Pectoralis minor is supplied by which nerve

A

Pectoralis minor is supplied by the medial pectoral nerve

465
Q

initial location of the metanephric cap from which the kidney is derived?

A

Medial tobureteric bud in pelvis

466
Q

A 6 day old child is suspected of having a malrotation and requires urgent abdominal exploration. What is the most appropriate surgical approach?

A

In young children, laparotomy is performed via transverse supra umbilical incision

467
Q

aberrant Gantzer muscle.

A

accessory of the flexor pollicis longus and is a risk factor for anterior interosseous nerve compression.

468
Q

Ant interosseous nerve lesion key point

A

Remember loss of pincer grip and normal sensation indicates an interosseous nerve lesion.

469
Q

Which structure is at greatest risk of injury during the flush ligation of the saphenofemoral junction.

A

The deep external pudendal artery runs under the long saphenous vein close to its origin

470
Q

Which nerve supplies general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

471
Q

lymphatic drainage of the male spongy urethra?

A

lymphatic drainage of the spongy urethra and the glans penis is to the deep inguinal nodes.

472
Q

The prostatic and membranous urethra drains to which nodes

A

The prostatic and membranous urethra drains to the internal iliac nodes.

473
Q

nerves is the primary source of innervation to the anterior scrotal skin?

A

primarily provided by the ilioinguinal nerve. The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve provides a smaller contribution.

474
Q
A

Popliteal fossa entrapment is the main differential diagnosis of adductor canal compression syndrome however the pulse disappears when the knee is fully extended in popliteal entrapment

475
Q

Which structures will lie in closest proximity to the hamate bone within the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus tendon

476
Q

No tendons attach to which carpal bones

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum (stabilised by ligaments)

477
Q

Which ligament keeps the head of the radius connected to the radial notch of the ulna?

A

The annular ligament connects the radial head to the radial notch of the ulna. This

478
Q

origin of the superior and inferior gluteal artery?

A

The inferior gluteal artery arises from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery
The superior gluteal artery arises from the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery

479
Q

Ureter is related to which ligament of uterus

A

is related to the broad ligament and is within 1.5cm of the supravaginal part of the cervix.

480
Q

Spleen is derived from which embryological memb

A

Most of the gut is derived endodermally except for the spleen which is from mesenchymal tissue.

481
Q

Spleen measurements

A

1,3,5,7,9,11 (odd numbers up to 11)

The spleen is: 1 inch thick, 3 inches wide, 5 inches long, weighs 7oz (150-200g), lies between the 9th and 11th ribs

482
Q

Mid inguinal point vs Mid point of the inguinal ligament

A

Mid inguinal point= surface marking for femoral artery
Mid point of the inguinal ligament = surface marking for deep inguinal ring.

Improve

483
Q

Which structure herniated during disc prolapse

A

nucleus pulposus is the structure which usually herniates

484
Q

Main contributor of arterial supply of femoral head

A

The vessels which form the anastomoses around the femoral head are derived from the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries. These are usually derived from the profunda femoris artery

485
Q

tendon lies medial to the dorsalis pedis artery.

A

The extensor hallucis longus tendon lies medial to the dorsalis pedis artery.

486
Q

Nerve medial to brachial artery in cubital fossa is

A

Median Nerve

487
Q

Which splenic structure lies most posteriorly?

A

The lienorenal ligament lies most posteriorly

488
Q

structures lies posterolaterally to the external carotid at it’s origin

A

The internal carotid artery lies posterolaterally to the external carotid artery at it’s origi

489
Q

The right testicular vein drains into

A

The right testicular vein drains into the inferior vena cava.

490
Q

Structures within the right atrium:

A

Musculi pectinati
Crista terminalis
Opening of the coronary sinus
Fossa ovalis

491
Q

Lesions distal to the dentate line drain to

A

Lesions distal to the dentate line drain to the inguinal nodes.

492
Q

structures in the porta hepatis

A

Portal vein

Hepatic artery

Common hepatic duc

493
Q

Liver segments

A

Right lobe V to VIII
Left Lobe II to IV
Caudate I

494
Q

Quadrate lobe belongs to which side of liver

A

Part of the right lobe anatomically, functionally is part of the left
Couinaud segment IV

495
Q

Which part of liver gets blood from both R and L hepatic arteries

A

Caudate lobe

496
Q

ligamentum teres is

A

ligamentum teres, a remnant of the umbilical vein is arteroinferior free part of faIciform ligament

497
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

Ligamentum teres Joins the left branch of the portal vein in the porta hepatis

498
Q

Portal Triad lies in

A

Gastro duodenal ligament

499
Q

Hepatic Recesses

A

Subphrenic
Subhepatic
Morrison pouch

500
Q

Which recess will have fluid in supine patient first as it’s deepest

A

Morison’s pouch, a space b/w liver and Kidney

501
Q

deepest part of the peritoneal cavity when supine (lying flat

A

Morison’s pouch

502
Q

Caudate lobe lies b/w

A

IV C on rightside and ligamentum venosum on Left side

503
Q

Quadrate lobe lies b/w

A

gallbladder and a fossa produced by the ligamentum teres (a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein).

504
Q

porta hepatis transmits all the vessels, nerves and ducts entering or leaving the liver with the exception of

A

hepatic veins.

505
Q

Structure above and below Porta hepatis

A

Caudate superiorly
Quadrate inferiorly

506
Q

Glisson’s capsule.

A

The liver is covered by a fibrous layer, known

507
Q

Content of Portal Triad

A

Arteriole
Venule
Bile duct
Vagus Nerve
- Lymphatic Vessels

508
Q

Blood supply of Liver

A

Hepatic artery proper (25%) – supplies the non-parenchymal structures
Hepatic portal vein (75%) – supplies the liver parenchyma

509
Q

Glisson’s Capsule Nerve Supply

A

Glisson’s capsule, the fibrous covering of the liver, is innervated by branches of the lower intercostal nerves.Distension of the capsule results in a sharp, well localised pain.

510
Q

Lymph node of Lund –

A

the first lymph node of the gallbladder

511
Q

Border of Calot Triangle

A

Medial – common hepatic duct.
Inferior – cystic duct.
Superior – inferior surface of the liver.

512
Q

cystic artery is a branch of

A

right hepatic artery not left

513
Q

contents of the Calot’s triangle

A

Right hepatic artery
Cystic artery
Lymph node of Lund
Lymphatics

514
Q

Hartmann’s Pouch

A

The neck of GB contains a mucosal fold, known as Hartmann’s Pouch. This is a common location for gallstones to become lodged, causing cholestasis

515
Q

Sinus Tarsi

A

Between talus and calcaneus

516
Q

Retropulsion by which muscle

A

Extensor pollicis longus

517
Q

Most medial part of femoral triangle

A

Femoral canal

518
Q

Content of femoral canal

A

The femoral canal contains:

Lymphatic vessels – draining the deep inguinal lymph nodes.
Deep lymph node – the lacunar node.
Empty space.
Loose connective tissue.

519
Q

Relation of Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve and
Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve to inguinal ligament

A

Genital passes above itwhile femoral passes below it

520
Q

Which lymph nodes in femoral canal

A

Cloquet

521
Q

Hernia occurring 2° to r3nal surgery

A

Lumbar hernia

522
Q

hernia occurring at the level of the arcuate line

A

Spigelian

523
Q

obturator hernia points

A

More common in women and elders
Also in peoplewho has lost weight ver fast
Positive Howship-Romberg sig

524
Q

positive Howship-Romberg sig

A

hip and knee pain exacerbated by thigh extension, medial rotation, and abduction).

525
Q

Axillary tail

A

smaller part, runs along the inferior lateral edge of the pectoralis major towards the axillary fossa.

526
Q

Breast position in horizontal and vertical fashion

A

Horizontally from the lateral border of the sternum to the mid-axillary line.
Vertically, it spans between the 2nd and 6th costal cartilages.

527
Q

Retromammary space

A

There is a layer of loose connective tissue between the breast and pectoral fascia – known as the

528
Q

Breast arises in embryo from

A

Milkline of Schultz

529
Q

Which axillary node lies in contact with axillary vein

A

Lateral nodes

530
Q

Injury of which axillary node affects intercostobrachial nerve

A

Central lymph nodes

531
Q

In which position axillary apex is small in size

A

arm abduction. The apex decreases in size most markedly when the arm is fully abducted

532
Q

quadrangular space content

A

The axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein pass through the quadrangular space

533
Q

Border of quadrangular space

A

Superior – inferior aspect of teres minor
Inferior – superior aspect of teres major
Lateral – surgical neck of humerus.
Medial – long head of triceps brachii
Anterior – subscapularis

534
Q

Muscles enclosed by clavipectoral fascia

A

Subclavius
Pectoralis minor

535
Q

Which part of adductor longus forms medial border of femoral triangle

A

Medial border not lateral

536
Q

Function of femoral nerve

A

innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh, and provides sensory branches for the leg and foot.

537
Q

spinal cord terminate in neonates at

A

L3

538
Q

What structure anchors the cord to the first coccygeal vertebra.

A

the meninges form a strand of fibrous tissue, the filum terminale anchors the cord to the first coccygeal vertebra.

539
Q

Two point of enlargement in spinalcord location

A

The cervical enlargement is located proximally, at the C4-T1 level. It represents the origin of the brachial plexus.
Between T11 and L1 is the lumbar enlargement, representing the origin of the lumbar and sacral plexi.

540
Q

depressions on spinal cord surface

A

The anterior median fissure is a deep groove extending the length of the anterior surface of the spinal cord.
On the posterior aspect there is a slightly shallower depression – the posterior median sulcus.

541
Q

Signs of cauda equina syndrome

A

Saddle-area anaesthesia.
Incontinence / retention of urine or faeces.
Reduced anal tone.
Paralysis ± sensory loss.

542
Q

Cauda euina lies in which region

A

Subarachnoid space

543
Q

internal vertebral venous plexus is found in which space

A

Epi dural space

544
Q

Which meninges convert to epineurium

A

Dura

545
Q

What is lumbar cistern.

A

Distal to the conus medullaris, the subarachnoid space expands,
space accessed during a lumbar puncture

546
Q

What is denticulate/dentate Ligament

A

Between the nerve roots the pia mater thickens as a triangular shaped ligaments that anchor the spinal cord along its length, at each side, to the dura mater.

547
Q

What are Rexeds laminae.

A

The grey matter of spinal cord is sub divided cytoarchitecturally into VIII lamina

548
Q

Cauda equina runs from across which levels of vertebra

A

The nerve roots L2-S5 arise from the distal end of the spinal cord, forming a bundle of nerves known as the cauda equina.

549
Q

Ant vs Post Rami

A

Post rami skin supplies nerve fibres to the synovial joints of the vertebral column, deep muscles of the back, and the overlying skin.
Ant Rami supplies the rest

550
Q

What is Lissauer’s tract

A

pathway formed from the proximal end of small unmyelinated and poorly myelinated fibers in peripheral nerves, which enter at the lateral aspect of the dorsal horn and ascend and descend up to four segments, and terminate in Rexed’s laminae I through to VI (principally I, II, and V) of the ipsilateral dorsal horn.

551
Q

What is artery of Adamkiewicz

A

the dominant thoracolumbar segmental medullary artery, which supplies the lower spinal cord by reinforcing the anterior spinal artery
intercostal or upper lumbar arteries, and supplies the inferior 2/3 of the spinal cord.

552
Q

Segmental spinal arteries are branches of which artery in the Thorax

A

Posterior intercostal ardri

553
Q

Internal Venus plexus of spinal cord is present in

A

Epidural space

554
Q

intermediate column and lateral horn of spinal cord contains

A

neurons that innervate visceral and pelvic organs.

555
Q

Spinal cord grey matter can be functionally classified in three different ways

A

1) into four main columns;
2) into six different nuclei; or
3) into ten Rexed laminae.

556
Q

Nucleus of spinal cord grey matter

A

Six different nuclei
marginal zone,
substantia gelatinosa,
nucleus proprius,
dorsal nucleus of Clarke,
intermediolateral nucleus and
the lower motor neuron nuclei.

557
Q

Which spinal cord nuclei relays sensory information from viscera to the brain, and autonomic signals from the brain to the visceral organs.

A

Interomediolateral nucleus (IMN

558
Q

carpal bones is a sesamoid bone in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Pisiform

559
Q

Which carpel bone has retro grade blood supply

A

Scaphoid

560
Q

Which carpal bones don’t have any tendons attached to

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

561
Q

Wrist joint proximal and distal

A

P: Radius and articular disk.
D: Proximal row of wrists ( Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum except pisiform)

562
Q

Ligaments of Wrist Joint

A

Palmar radiocarpal
Dorsal radio carpal
Ulnar collateral
Radial collateral

563
Q

Dorsal vs Palmar radiocarpal helps in which movement

A

D: Pronation
P: Supination

564
Q

Dorsal vs Palmar radiocarpal helps in which movement

A

D: Pronation
P: Supination

565
Q

Ulnar vs radial collateral ligament of wrist attachment

A

U: ulna/ Triquetrum and Pisiform
R: radius/ scaphoid and Trapezium

566
Q

Abduction versus adduction atwrist joint

A

Adduction – Produced by the extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris

Abduction – Produced by the abductor pollicis longus, flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis.

567
Q

Anterior Dislocation of the Lunate occurs

A

Anterior Dislocation of the Lunate

568
Q

Innervation to the wrist is delivered by

A

Median nerve – Anterior interosseous branch.
Radial nerve – Posterior interosseous branch.
Ulnar nerve – deep and dorsal branches.

569
Q

anterior and posterior interosseous arteries are branches of

A

Ulnar artery

570
Q

Superficial and palmar arterial arch sandwiched

A

Palmar aponeurosis»superficial palmar arch»flexor tendons»deep palmar arch»metacarpal bones

571
Q

Kaplan’s cardinal line.

A

To locate palmar arches.
This line extends from the apex of the interdigital fold between the abducted thumb and index finger toward the hook of hamate on the ulnar side of the hand, parallel with the middle crease of the hand.

572
Q

Deep palmar arch lies in relation with

A

Ulnar nerve

573
Q

Deep Parmar arch is direct continuation of

A

Radial artery

574
Q

Deep Parmar arch arises between heads of

A

Adductor . Pollicis longus

575
Q

Branches of deep palmar arch

A

Palmar metacarpal arteries, perforating branches, recurrent branches

576
Q

which digit is not supplied by palmer arch

A

Thumb and lateral aspect of index finger
They are directly supplied by radial artery

577
Q

Radial artery enters palnor aspect from dorsal

A

Between first dorsal interossei

578
Q

How superficial and deep palmar arches anastomose

A

Common palmar branch of superficial and Palmar metacarpal of deep .

579
Q

Arterial supply of fingers

A

Ulmer supply MediaI half of index + other 3 fingers
Radial supply lateral half of index and Thumb

580
Q

Dorsal anastomosis of radial and ulnar artery

A

Through dorsal branches to form dorsal arch

581
Q

PaImar and dorsal arteries anastomose in hand through

A

Perforating branches

582
Q

Superficial palmar artery of radial arises

A

Just before radial artery curves around 1st metacarpal to dorsal aspect

583
Q

Stylopharyngeus pharyngeal arch

A

3rd

584
Q

Position of external and internal oblique

A

External: fibres run inferomedially
Internal: fibers run superomedially

585
Q

Attachment of external oblique and internal oblique

A

External : Originates from ribs 5-12, and inserts into the iliac crest and pubic tubercle.
Internal: Originates from the inguinal ligament, iliac crest and lumbodorsal fascia, and inserts into ribs 10-12.

586
Q

Nerve supply of ant abd muscles

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11) and subcostal nerve (T12).

587
Q

linea semilunaris.

A

lateral borders of the muscle rectus create a surface

588
Q

Transpyloric plane

A

halfway between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis, approximately the level of the L1 vertebrae.

589
Q

Intertubercular plane

A

horizontal line that runs between the superior aspect of the right and left iliac crests.

590
Q

Superior dental plexus is made of

A

Ant
Middle and
Post superior alveolar nerve
All are branches of maxillary nerve

591
Q

All smuscles of 1st pharyngeal arch are supplied by

A

Mandibular nerve

592
Q

Otic ganglion is sandwiched between whichstructures

A

Mandibular nerve and Ternsor vali paliti muscle

593
Q

Lower part of face is supplied by mandibular nerve except which region

A

Angle of mandible and auricle
Supplied by great auricular nerve

594
Q

which nerve surrounds abducen s nucleus in pons

A

facial nerve

595
Q

which nerve passes between posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries,

A

Trochlear

596
Q

Stylohyoid is innervated by the

A

facial nerve

597
Q

Muscles supplied by Trigeminal nerve

A

Muscles of mastication
Mylohyoid
Anterior belly of digastric
Tensor tympani
Tensor palati

598
Q

general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue?

A

Glosso Pharyngeal

599
Q

stylopharyngeaus muscle nerve supply

A

Glossopharyngeal

600
Q

The sensory function of which nerve is tested using the gag reflex.

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

601
Q

which branches of facial nerve arise in facial canal

A

3 branches:
1. greater petrosal nerve
2. nerve to stapedius
3. chorda tympani

602
Q

which branch of facial nerve arise inStylomastoid foramen

A

Posterior auricular nerve and branch to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid muscle

603
Q

The facial nerve is associated with the derivatives of which pharyngeal arch:

A

the second

604
Q

sup vs inf salivatory nucleus nerves arising

A

Sup: Sensory part of facial nerve
Inf: Glossopharyngeal

605
Q

Nucleus of Facial Nerves

A
  1. Facial motor nucleus> Muscular branch
  2. Sup salivatory Nucleus> Glandular branch
  3. Nucleus of Solitary tract: carry taste sensation
  4. Spinal trigeminal nucleus> Carry sensation from outer ear
606
Q

Supply of Facial Nerve

A

Supply - ‘face, ear, taste, tear’
Face: muscles of facial expression
Ear: nerve to stapedius
Taste: supplies anterior two-thirds of tongue
Tear: parasympathetic fibres to lacrimal glands, also salivary

607
Q

Nerve to platysma

A

Cervical branch of facial

608
Q

2 nerve roots of facial nerve

A
  1. Motor root
  2. Intermediate Nerve carries sympathetic and sensory fibres.
609
Q

Facial nerve takes how mant 90° turn

A

3turns
1. In temporal bone at geniculate ganglion ( where the two roots combine)
2.

610
Q

Glandular supply to submandibular and sublingual glands nerve

A

Chorda tympani nerve of facial nerve

611
Q

Parasympathetic of facial nerve

A

Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
Nasal, palatine and pharyngeal mucous glands.
Lacrimal glands.

612
Q

Nerves in internal acoustic meatus,

A

VII and VIII

613
Q

Gag reflex

A

Glossopharyngeal

614
Q

hyperacusis nerve damage

A

Two nerves
Facial supplies to stapedius
Trigeminal supplies to tensor tympani muscle

615
Q

Branches of Mandibular nerve V3

A

Auriculotemporal nerve
Lingual
Inferior alveolar
Nerve to the mylohyoid
Mental

616
Q

Most superficial structure on the parotid gland =

A

facial nerve

617
Q

Structures passing through parotid

A

Facial nerve
External carotid artery

Retromandibular vein

Auriculotemporal nerve

618
Q

Sensory nerve supply of parotid

A

Auriculotemporal(gland) and greaterauricular nerve(fascia).

619
Q

Artery of parotid

A

posterior auricular and superficial temporal arteries

620
Q

ECA giveseise to which artery in parotid

A

posterior auricular artery

621
Q

Medial branch if External carotid artery

A

Ascending pharyngeal

622
Q

Which structure lies posterolaterally to the external carotid artery at it’s origin from the common carotid.

A

The internal carotid artery

623
Q

Structure which can be damaged sec to tonsillectomy

A

External palatine vein

624
Q

SCALP
contents

A

Skin, Dense Connective Tissue, Epicranial Aponeurosis, Loose Areolar Connective Tissue and Periosteum.

625
Q

Emissary veins are present in which layer of scalp

A

Loose areolar Connective tissue

626
Q

danger area” of the scalp

A

loose connective tissue layer

627
Q

Venous drainage of scalp

A

Superficial follows artery
Deep through pterygoid venous plexus. This is a large plexus of veins situated between the temporalis and lateral pterygoid muscles,and drains into the maxillary vein.

628
Q

Sudden collapse and loss of consciousness
Which brain issue

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

629
Q

Intraventricular haemorrhage is Present in

A

neonates spontaneously

630
Q

Intraventricular haemorrhage in neonates occur

A

first 72 hours after birth

631
Q

Arterial supply of scalp

A

Post auricular
Superficial temporal
Occipital

632
Q

External Jugular Vein is formed by

A

Postauricular vein
Post branch of retro mandibular vein

633
Q

Posterior auricular vein drains

A

the area of scalp superior and posterior to the outer ear.

634
Q

Ant vs post branch of retromandibular vein

A

Ant combines with facial vein»common facial vein»IJV
Post combines with post auricular vein&raquo_space; EJV

635
Q

At base of skull what lies between IJV and Internal carotid Rtery

A

Last 4 cranial nerves

636
Q

Tributaries of IJV

A

Inferior petrosal sinus, vein of cochlear duct, meningeal veins, pharyngeal venous plexus, lingual vein, common facial vein, sternocleidomastoid vein, superior and middle

637
Q

Which structure lies at midpoint of IJV

A

Ansa cervicalis

638
Q

Below the transverse process of the atlas IJV is crossed on its lateral side by the

A

accessory nerve

639
Q

Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and parathyroid glands are all closely related with which blood vessel?

A

inferior thyroid artery

branches from thyrocervical trunk to supply posterior side of thyroid gland and parathyroid glands

640
Q

Which of the following nerves are responsible for relaying information to/from the carotid sinus?

A

vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves are both involved in the relaying of information from the carotid sinus. If the question was asking what nerve carries the sensory information from the pressure receptors the answer would have been the glossopharyngeal alone

641
Q

The muscular (omotracheal) triangle contains

A

the infrahyoid muscles
, thyroid gland
and parathyroid glands.

642
Q

Muscle innervated by the spinal accessory nerve

A

Both the trapezius and the SCM are

643
Q

Stylohyoid attaches to which part if hyoid

A

Lesser horn

644
Q

Which muscle form floor of mouth

A

Mylohyoid

645
Q

posterolateral gluteal skin in the pubic region sensory supply

A

Iliohypogastric

646
Q

Cutaneous innervation over femoral triangle/upper anterior thigh

A

Femoral branch of genitofemoral

647
Q

Cremasteric muscle innervatiom

A

Genital branch of genitofemoral

648
Q

Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric muscular supply

A

Transverse abdominis
Internal oblique

649
Q

Femoral nerve gives rise to which branches before inguinal ligament

A

Nerve to iliacus
Nerve to pectineus

650
Q

sartorius Nervesupply

A

Sartorius is supplied by the anterior (superficial) branch of the femoral nerve.
Most of the branches of the superficial femoral nerve are cutaneous. However, it does also supply sartorius.

651
Q

classical description of a femoral nerve injury

A

weak hip flexion, weak knee extension, and impaired quadriceps tendon reflex, as well as sensory deficit in the anteromedial aspect of the thigh.

652
Q

Nerve supply of lateral hip rotators

A

-

Piriformis: ventral rami S1, S2
Obturator internus: nerve to obturator internus
Superior gemellus: nerve to obturator internus
Inferior gemellus: nerve to quadratus femoris
Quadrator femoris: nerve to quadrator femoris

653
Q

patients may develop impotence following rectal cancer surgery due to damageto

A

Nervi erigentes

654
Q

All muscles of ant compartment ofthigh are innervated by Femoral except

A

psoas major
L1-L3

655
Q

The only muscle of the quadriceps to cross both the hip and knee joints. It flexes the thigh at the hip joint, and extends at the knee joint.

A

Rectus Femoris

656
Q

which muscle of ant compartment is supplied by both formoral and obturator

A

Pectinus

657
Q

Muscles which are attached to linea aspera and supracondylar Line of femur

A

Biceps femoris short head origin on lateral side
Adductor magnus medialside

658
Q

The subsartorial plexus is formed by

A

: the medial cutaneous nerve of the thigh (a branch of the femoral nerve).
the saphenous nerve (a branch from femoral nerve).
the cutaneous branch of anterior division of the obturator nerve.

659
Q

Pfannenstiel incision.
Nerve damage

A

Ilio inguinal nerve

660
Q

In leg tibial nerve lies on postsurface of which muscle

A

Tibialis posterior

661
Q

which part of subclavicular artery can be palpated in neck and where

A

3rd part of subclavialar artery im, omoclavicular triangle

662
Q

Branches of Thyrocervical Trunk

A

1 Inferior Thyroid artery
2 Transverse cervical
3 Suprascapular artery

663
Q

Branches of Costocervical Trunk

A

Superior Intercoastal
Deep Cervical

664
Q

Contents of cubital fossa from medial to lateral

A

Median Nerve > Brachial artery > Biceps Brachi tendon > Sup Branch of radial nerve

665
Q

which artery isbehind lateral third part of clavicle

A

Thoracoacromial

666
Q

Branches in acromial plexus

A

1.suprascapular artery,
2 deltoid branch of the thoracoacromial artery
3 posterior circumflex humeral arteries.
4. acromial branch of the thoracoacromial artery

667
Q

Clavincular branch of of Thoraco acromial artery supplies

A

sternoclavicular joint
Subclavius

668
Q

Attachment muscles of supra and infraglenoid tubercle

A

Supra: long head of biceps
Infra: long head of triceps

669
Q

Location of subacromial bursa

A

Subacromial – located deep to the deltoid and acromion, and superficial to the supraspinatus tendon and joint capsule.

670
Q

Stensen’s duct tract

A

It passes over Masseter and then pierces buccinator

671
Q

Function of gluteus mini and medius apart from extension

A

Abduction and medial rotation

672
Q

Tibial nerve in popliteal fossa in relation to vessels

A

Medial>posterior >lateral

673
Q

Sural Nerve facts

A

Origin
Medial sural cutaneous nerve, lateral sural cutaneous nerve

Branches
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot, lateral calcaneal branches of sural nerve

Supply
Posterolateral aspect of the distal third of the leg, ankle, foot and heel

674
Q

Origin of superior and inferior gluteal arteries

A

The inferior gluteal artery arises from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery
The superior gluteal artery arises from the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery

675
Q

Relation of obturator artery with nerve and vein in pelvis

A

superior to the obturator vein and inferior to the obturator nerve.

676
Q

Branches of obturator artery

A

Pelvic: Iliac, Vesical and pubic branch
Extrapelvic: anterior, posterior and acetabular.

677
Q

Which branches of obturator and femoral arteries combine

A

Ant of obt and Post of Femoral

678
Q

Remnant of Urachus

A

Median umbilical ligament

679
Q

Artery to vas defrens and cremaster muscle Arises from

A

Artery of vas deferens Arises from inferior vesical artery
Cremasteric artery Arises from inferior epigastric artery

680
Q

Location of testes during intrauterine life

A

At 3 months in iliac fossa
At 7 months in deep inguinal ring level

681
Q

Remnant of gubernaculum in females

A

Round ligament
Ovarian ligament

682
Q

Supination of forearm is done by

A

Biceps brachi

683
Q

Biceps vs tricep tendon reflex test shows which level

A

C6 for B
C7 for R

684
Q

What is medial bicipital groove of arm

A

The space between the medial head of the triceps and the biceps brachii forms the medial bicipital groove, which provides a passageway for the brachial artery and median and ulnar nerves.

685
Q

Which muscles attach on intertubercular sulcus of humerus

A

latissimus dorsi attaching between teres major on the medial lip and pectoralis major laterally.
mnemonic “a lady between two majors

686
Q

Cephalic vein is in relation of which nerve

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm

687
Q

Lateral malleolus posterior relation

A

Structures posterior to the lateral malleolus and superficial to superior peroneal retinaculum
Sural nerve
Short saphenous vein

Structures posterior to the lateral malleolus and deep to superior peroneal retinaculum
Peroneus longus tendon
Peroneus brevis tendon

688
Q

Middle of fibula structure
Risk of damage in fibulectomy

A

Peroneal artery

689
Q

Tributaries of great saphenous

A

Medial marginal
Superficial epigastric
Superficial iliac circumflex
Superficial external pudendal veins

690
Q

Ureter Relation
Ovarian artery
Uterine artery/ vas deferens
Common iliac and pelvic entry

A

Post to Ovarian at pelvic brim
Post to Uterine 2cm superior to the ischial spine
Ant to common iliac at their bufucation at sacro iliac joint it enter pelvis

691
Q

Blood supply of ureter

A

Abdominal – renal artery, testicular/ovarian artery, and ureteral branches directly from the abdominal aorta
Pelvic – superior and inferior vesical arteries.

692
Q

Eyelids and conjunctiva sensory supply

A

Opthalmic nerve

693
Q

Upper eyelid vs lower eyelid sensory supply

A

Upper by opthalmic
Lower by maxillary

694
Q

Skull Sinuses sensory supply

A

maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses by Maxillary nerve
Frontal by opthalmic

695
Q

Tonsillar fossa nerve supply

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve mainly
Some from lesser palatine nerve

696
Q

Which nerve is responsiblefor otalgia post tonsillectomy

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

697
Q

Lymph nodes of tonsils

A

jugulodigastric node and the deep cervical nodes

698
Q

Tonsillar artery is a branch of

A

Facial artery

699
Q

Which structure is most likely to produce hemorrhage during tonsillectomy

A

The external palatine vein

700
Q

Waldeyer’s ring

A

Ring arrangement formed by 4 tonsil groups

701
Q

Which tonsil is called an adenoid

A

Pharyngeal

702
Q

Waldeyer ring border

A

Superior: Pharyngeal Tonsil
Inferior: Lingual Tonsil
Lateral: Tubal and Palatine Tonsils

703
Q

Histo of 4 tonsils

A

Lingual and Palatine: stratified non-keratinised squamous epithelium.
Pharyngeal and Tubal:ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.

704
Q

Palatine tonsils and tonsillar fossa pharyngeal origin

A

2nd pouch

705
Q

Palatine tonsils are located between

A

located between the palatoglossal arch anteriorly and the palatopharyngeal arch posteriorly

706
Q

Vasomotor and sudomotor
Vs
Pupillomotor fibers runs over

A

V and S runs over external carotid artery
P runs over Internal carotid
They separate at common carotid bifurcation level

707
Q

Few features of C3 and C4 level

A

superior cervical ganglion at the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery (C3-C4).

708
Q

External anal sphincter in relation with which pelvic floor

A

Puborectalis

709
Q

What is anorectal ring

A

At the junction of the rectum and the anal canal, there is a muscular ring – known as the anorectal ring. It is formed by the fusion of the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle, and is palpable on digital rectal examination.

710
Q

Anal canal arise
Above the pectinate line –
Below the pectinate line –

A

derived from the embryonic hindgut.
derived from the ectoderm of the proctodeum.

711
Q

Atrial stretch receptors are located

A

Located in atria at junction between pulmonary veins and vena cava.

712
Q

Mnemonic for the nerves passing through the supraorbital fissure:

A

Live Frankly To See Absolutely No Insult

Lacrimal
Frontal
Trochlear
Superior Division of Oculomotor
Abducens
Nasociliary
Inferior Division of Oculomotor nerve

713
Q

Right crus of diaphragm forms which opening

A

Oesophageal

714
Q

Ureter runs ant to which muscle

A

Psoas major

715
Q

Adduction vs abduction of vocal fold

A

Adduction by Lateral cricoarytenoid
Abduction by posterior cricoarytenoid

716
Q

Vocal cord tense vs relax by which muscles

A

Tense by Cricoarytenoid
Relax by Thyroarytenoid

717
Q

Span of trachea and larynx

A

Trachea: C6 to T4
Larynx: C3 to C6

718
Q

Verterbral artery traverses

A

Transverse process of vertebrae
Not INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN

719
Q

most often permanently damaged during a superficial parotidectomy?

A

Greater auricular nerve
FACIAL ISN’T PERMANENTLY DAMAGED

720
Q

Cancer vs BPH zone of prostate

A

Cancer: peripheral.
BPH : Transitional

721
Q

Area of prostate felt against DRE

A

Peripheral

722
Q

Which zone of prostate which covers
Ejaculatory duct vs urethr

A

ED: central
Urethra : Transitional

723
Q

Internal iliac artery bifurcation above

A

Greater sciatic foramen

724
Q

Branches of qnt and post brqnch of int iliac arteries.

A

Branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac
Lateral sacral, superior gluteal, iliolumbar artery.

Branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery
Obturator artery, internal pudendal artery, inferior gluteal, inferior vesical artery, artery the ductus deferens, middle rectal, vaginal artery, uterine artery

725
Q

Ulnar artery lies in distal 2/3 forearm between

A

From lateral to medial
Flexor digitorum superficialis»ulnar artery»>ulnar nerve

726
Q

Ulnar artery relation to median and ulnar nerve

A

It is medial to median in upperforearm
Lateral to ulnar in distal forarm

727
Q

Division of which structure give passage to
1. lesser sac
2. Coeliac axis

A
  1. Greater omentum
  2. Lesser omentum
728
Q

Ligaments on clavicle attacheson

A

Inferior surface
Medial : costoclavicular ligament
Lateral: Trapezoid line and conoid line for coracoacromiql ligament
Middle : subclavius muscle

Sternocleidomastoid attaches on the middle aspect of superior surface
Sternohyoid on posterior surface

729
Q

Wh9ch structure relaxes to accumulate and temporarily store faeces until defecation occurs.

A

The final segment of the rectum, the ampulla,

730
Q

Extra peritoneal rectum

A

Posterior upper third
Posterior and lateral middle third
Whole lower third

731
Q

Wh8ch muscle form anorectal flexure

A

Puborectalis

732
Q

Anterior relation of rectum in males and females

A

Anteriorly (Males) :
Rectovesical pouch
Bladder
Prostate
Seminal vesicles
Anteriorly (Females):
Recto-uterine pouch (Douglas)
Cervix
Vaginal wall

733
Q

Which part of the duodenum is associated with IVC

A

1st and 3rd part ant to IVC

734
Q

Ant relation of IVC

A

Liver
Epiploic foramen
1st duod
Head of Pancreas
3rd duod
Right gonadal artery
R common iliac

735
Q

Which structure lies 3cm below the 12th rib in the mid scapular line of left side

A

Left kidney

736
Q

Which part of the duodenum is at transpyloric plane

A

2nd

737
Q

Subcostal plane,
Intertubercular plane
Level

A

Lowest margin of 10th costal cartilage
Level of body L5

738
Q

Pronator teres vs palmaris nerve supply

A

Pro by Median
Pal by ulnar

739
Q

The lateral meniscus is crossed by which muscle tendon

A

The lateral meniscus is crossed by the popliteus tendon

740
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament is separated from the popliteal vessels at its origin by

A

the oblique popliteal ligament

741
Q

When sigmoid colon starts

A

At a level of L3-4 (variable) the left colon becomes the sigmoid colon and wholly intraperitoneal once again

742
Q

Aorta relation with duodenum

A

Aorta is Post to 3rd part of duodenum
Lateral to 4th part of duodenum and duodenojejunal flexure

743
Q

Layers of Periosteum

A

outer ‘fibrous layer’ and
inner ‘cambium layer’ (or ‘osteogenic layer’).

744
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibres

A

Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibers called

745
Q

Which tendon helps in identification of dorsalis pedis artery

A

The extensor hallucis longus tendon lies medial to the dorsalis pedis artery

746
Q

Collat3ral venous pathway of SVC

A

Azygos venous system
Internal mammary venous pathway
Long thoracic venous system with connections to the femoral and vertebral veins (2 pathways)

747
Q

Gantzer muscle is an aberrant accessory muscle
Which nerve involvement

A

Anterior interosseous nerve
Branch of median nerve

748
Q

loss of pincer grip and normal sensation indicates which nerve lesion

A

an anterior interosseous

749
Q

Lingual nerve is related to which teeth

A

lingual nerve is closely related to the third molar

750
Q

Lymph NODES of Vagina

A

The lymph vessels from the superior aspect of the vagina join the internal and external iliac nodes, those from the inferior aspect of the vagina drain to the superficial inguinal nodes.

751
Q

which muscle crosses dorsalis pedis artery

A

Eextensor hallucis brevis
Ext digitorum longus

752
Q

Nerve root reflexes

A

1-2 Ankle (S1-S2)
3-4 Knee (L3-L4)
5-6 Biceps (C5-C6)
7-8 Triceps (C7-C8)

MRCS A(My Own) (28 decks)

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