Oesophagus

Question 1

what medications are given to eliminate/neutralise formed stomach acids

Answer 1

antacids e.g rennie, gaviscon

Question 2

what medications can be given to reduce stomach acid secretion

Answer 2

H2 receptor blockers - only block histamine , limited effectiveness
proton pump inhibitors - block acid production , drugs end in prazole

Question 3

What are the 3 main triggers for parietal cells to secrete stomach acid

Answer 3

acetylcholine
gastrin
histamine
each work individually so need to block 2 or 3 to be effective at reducing secretion

Question 4

what areas of the GIT can peptic ulcer disease affect

Answer 4

oesophagus , stomach and small intestines

Question 5

what are the 2 main causes of peptic ulcer disease

Answer 5

high acid secretion - can pass into duodenum or oesophagus and cause damage
normal acid secretion but stomach has lost ability to protect itself

Question 6

helicobacter pylori

Answer 6

infection causing loss of mucus barrier in stomach allowig acids access to stomach wall and subsequent ulceration

Question 7

coeliac disease

Answer 7

sensitivity to alpha gliaden component of gluten
immune response develops against this component which results in villus atrophy in jejunum resulting in decreased surface area for nutrient absorption

Question 8

pernicious anaemia

Answer 8

failure of body to absorb vit B12

vit B12 has complex absorption , require saliva , intrinsic factor and the only absorption site is the terminal ileum

Question 9

what can vit B12 deficiency lead to

Answer 9

problems with nerve function and bone marrow production of rbcs

Question 10

crohns vs ulcerative colitis

affected area , pattern , mucosa state , V/NV, serosa

Answer 10

UC - only present in large intestines, has a continuous pattern from the anus up the rectum is always involved, mucosa = inflamed and ulcers , vasucaler , serosa = normal
Crohns - can affect an area of GIT from mouth to anus , has a discontinuous pattern i.e may be present in patches , mucosa = cobbled and fissures , non vascular , serosa = inflamed

Question 11

what causes the cobblestone appearance of crohns mucosa

Answer 11

areas of oedema separated by fissures

Question 12

oro facial granulomatosis

Answer 12

histologically identical to crohns
oedema of mouth and face
if no evidence of crohns except mouth = ofg
if crohns in mouth and elsewhere = oral crohns

Question 13

polyps and bowel cancer

Answer 13

abnormal tissue growths that look like wee mushrooms

majority of bowel cancers arise from polys within or on the surface of the bowel lumen

Question 14

intestinal polyposis

Answer 14

genetically inherited condition to form lots of polyps in bowel that each carry a risk of developing cancer
lower carcinoma risk in small bowel than large with is high risk