Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

anaemia

A

reduction in haemoglobin in blood compared to normal values in that population

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2
Q

what blood test can give indication of cause of anaemia

A

MCV - size of rbcs

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3
Q

why does marrow failure cause anaemia

A

reduced number of rbc’s therefore less rbcs to package haemoglobin into

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4
Q

why do deficiency states of haematinics cause anaemia

A

reduced haematinics means reduced rbc’s therefore reduced haemoglobin

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5
Q

Name the 3 main haematinics

A

iron
vit b12
folate ( folic acid made by manufacturers and converted to folate by body)

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6
Q

where is all forms of iron absorbed by the body

A

transporter systems in the intestinal cell wall

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7
Q

what form must non heme iron be converted to to be absorbed by the body

A

2+

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8
Q

what iron is easiest for the body to absorb

A

heme iron

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9
Q

achlorydia

A

disease seeing lack of stomach acid therefore non heme 3+ iron cant be converted to 2+

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10
Q

iron food sources

A

meat and leafy greens

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11
Q

vitamin B12 food sources

A

milk/dairy and meat

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12
Q

how is vitB12 absorbed by the body

A

intrinsic factor (secreted by stomach) binds to vitb12 and this complex passes to terminal ileum where it is absorbed via a transporting sytsem

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13
Q

folate food sources

A

leafy greens, seeds and nuts

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14
Q

during pregnancy what haematinic is recommended to be taken in supplemements

A

folic acid - deficiences can lead to neural tube defects

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15
Q

thalassemia

A

inherited condition seeing a mutation to globin chains meaning little to no haemoglobin is produced

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16
Q

sickle cell anaemia

A

must have 2 copies of gene to have disease (if only one known as sickle cell trait)
abnormal shaped rbc’s that have a shorter lifespan and/or can blck capillaries leading to tissue ischaemia

17
Q

why is splenomegaly sometimes seen in patients with abnormal rbc’s

A

splenomegaly = increased spleen size

abnormal rbc’s removed by spleen therefore increased activity may increase size

18
Q

reticulocytes

A

almost mature rbc’s

19
Q

smooth tongue

A

loss of tongue papillae , assosciated with iron deficiency , commonly seen alongside angular chelitis

20
Q

beefy tongue

A

swollen looking tongue associated with vit B 12 deficiency

21
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart rate

22
Q

common symptoms of anaemia

A

tired, weak , dizzy, shortness of breath

23
Q

why is tachycardia sometimes seen in patients with anaemia

A

body is trying to maintain O2 delivery with less Hb available so having to pump faster

24
Q

endoscopy

A

used to examine upper GIT

25
Q

colonoscopy

A

used to examine lower GIT

26
Q

what is a common cause of anaemia in the UK that patients are often unaware of

A
GIT blood loss 
occult bleeding (hidden bleeding)
27
Q

why might renal function by examined when looking for anaemia causes

A

erythropoietin produced in kidneys which stimulates rbc production

28
Q

what mouth changes can sometimes be seen in patients with deficiency states of haematinics

A
candidiasis 
recurrent oral ulceration 
mucosal atrophy (thinning)
beefy tongue 
smooth tongue
29
Q

pernicious anaemia

A

vit B12 deficiency