Diabetes

Question 1

diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

abnormal glucose regulation , serious of metabolic conditions that share the same characteristic consequence of hyperglycaemia

Question 2

diabetes insipidus

Answer 2

abnormal renal function

Question 3

what can chronic hyperglycaemia result in

Answer 3

increased microvasculature complications and increased risk of macrovascular disease

Question 4

glucose tolerance test

Answer 4

assesses bodies ability to process sugar

pax fasts over night then is given a 75g glucose load and sugar levels are assessed

Question 5

type one diabetes cause

Answer 5

autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B cells meaning no insulin is produced

Question 6

c peptide level

Answer 6

c peptide = byproduct of insulin production

low c peptide = low insulin

Question 7

diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 7

medical emergency
body will metabolise fats in cells rather than glucose if no insulin which results in ketones being produced which if allowed to accumulate will make the blood very acidic

Question 8

cause of type 2 diabetes

Answer 8

insulin resistance , collective term for…
inadequate B cell response to hyperglycaemia
elevated basal insulin levels
inadequate incretins released (hormones released in response to food )
defective and delayed insulin secretion
abnormal post meal glucagon suppression

Question 9

basal bolus regimen vs split mixed

Answer 9

regimens for insulin injections
basal bolus = more injections but better control
split mixed = less injections but poorer control

Question 10

why must type 1 diabetics plan their exercise

Answer 10

exercise lowers blood glucose which risks hypoglycaemia

Question 11

HbA1c

Answer 11

blood test , measures glycated haemoglobin which is produced when sugar sticks to rbcs

Question 12

closed loop glucose monitoring

Answer 12

monitor attached to insulin pump that will alter dose depending on body needs

Question 13

what is the main method of type 2 diabetes management

Answer 13

lifestyle changes e.g weight loss, more exercise , diet restrictions

Question 14

metaformin (biguanides)

Answer 14

increase cells susceptibility to insulin

Question 15

sulphonylureas

Answer 15

increase pancreatic insulin secretion

hypoglycaemia risk!

Question 16

acute complications of diabetes

Answer 16

hypoglycaemia - excess insulin and not enough glucose
high risk in type 1 e.g if glucose dose taken but no food
rarer in type 2 - maybe if taking insulin injections or sulphonylureas

Question 17

chronic complications of diabetes

Answer 17

cardiovascular - microvascular issues = accelerated atherosclerosis
infection risk due to microvascular complications limiting blood flow
neuropathy - prolonged high blood glucose can damage nerves and lose ability to be aware of hypoglycaemia
eye diseases e.g cataracts

Question 18

dental aspects of diabetes

Answer 18

increased infection risk due to microvascular complications limiting blood flow
appointment times may disrupt food intake/ glucose injection times