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GI > Oesophageal disorders > Flashcards

Oesophageal disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin and end?

A

Begins at lower level of cricoid cartilage (C6)

Terminates at T11-12

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2
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

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3
Q

What type of muscle is present in the oesophagus?

A

Upper part is striated muscle, lower part is smooth muscle

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of oesophageal disease?

A

Heartburn
Dysphagia
Odynophagia

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5
Q

What are the causes of oesophageal dysphagia?

A 
Benign or malignant stricture 
Motility disorders (achalasia)
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6
Q

What investigations are used for oesophageal disease?

A

Endoscopy
Contrast radiology
Oesophageal pH and manometry

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7
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Functional loss of myenteric plexus ganglion cells?

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of achalasia?

A

Progressive dysphagia
Weight loss
Chest pain

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9
Q

What is the treatment for achalasia?

A 
Nitrates 
Calcium channel blockers 
Botulinum toxin
Pneumatic balloon dilation 
Surgery (myotomy)
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10
Q

What are the complications of achalasia?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

Increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of gastro oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Heaetburn
Cough
Waterbrash
Sleep disturbance

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12
Q

What are the risk factors for gastro oesophageal reflux disease?

A 
Pregnancy 
Obesity 
Smoking 
Alcoholism 
Hypomotility 
Drugs lowering LOS pressure
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13
Q

What happens biologically with gastro oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Relaxations of LOS
Delayed gastric emptying
Delayed oesophageal emptying
Decreased tissue resistance to acid/bile

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14
Q

What happens to the pathophysiology with gastro oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Mucosa exposed to acid and bile
Increased cell loss
Erosive oesophagitis

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15
Q

What are the complications of gastro oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Ulceration
Stricture
Glandular metaplasia (Barrett’s oesophagus)
Carcinoma

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16
Q

What happens to the epithelium in Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Changes from squamous to mucin secreting columnar

17
Q

How is gastro oesophageal reflux disease treated?

A 
Lifestyle changes 
Alginates 
Proton pump inhibitors 
H2RA 
Anti reflux surgery
18
Q

What are the different types of oesophageal cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

19
Q

What are the symptoms of oesophageal cancer?

A 
Progressive dysphagia 
Weight loss 
Odynophagia 
Chest pain 
Cough 
Haematemesis
20
Q

How is oesophageal cancer treated?

A

Surgery with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy
Endoscopic stent
Most palliative care

GI (27 decks)

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