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GI > Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding > Flashcards

Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure used to determine whether a bleed is upper or lower GI?

A

Ligament of Treitz

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2
Q

What are the risk factors for peptic ulcers?

A 
Helicobacter pylori 
NSAIDs 
Alcohol abuse 
Smoking 
Systemic illness
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3
Q

What are the risk factors for gastritis?

A

Helicobacter pylori
NSAIDs
Alcohol

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4
Q

What are the risk factors for duodenitis?

A

Helicobacter pylori

NSAIDs

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5
Q

What are the risk factors for oesophagitis?

A

Reflux
Alcohol
Bisphosphonates

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6
Q

What is the major cause of varices?

A

Portal hypertension

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7
Q

What are the causes of upper GI bleeds?

A 
Peptic ulcer 
Oesophagitis 
Gastritis 
Duodenitis 
Varices 
Malignancy 
Mallory Weiss tear
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8
Q

What is a Mallory Weiss tear?

A

Tear in the oesophageal mucosa

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of a Mallory Weiss tear?

A

Retching

Vomiting

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10
Q

What are the causes of lower GI bleeds?

A 
Diverticular disease 
Angiodysplasia 
Ischaemic colitis 
Haemorrhoids 
IBD
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11
Q

What is diverticular disease?

A

Protrusion of the inner mucosal lining through the outer muscular layer forming a pouch

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with upper GI bleeds?

A

Haematemesis
Malaena
Dyspepsia

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with lower GI bleeds?

A

Fresh or altered hematochezia

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14
Q

What are the initial investigations used in GI haemorrhages?

A 
Bloods 
Blood gas 
12 lead ECG 
Pulse 
Resp rate
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15
Q

What is used to assess the severity of a GI haemorrhage?

A

Rockall score or Glasgow-Blatchford score

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16
Q

What is given in the resuscitation step of managing a GI bleed?

A 
Fluid (crystalloid) 
Blood products (packed red cells, platelets)
Avoid excessive transfusion
17
Q

What is shock?

A

Circulatory insufficiency resulting in inadequate oxygen delivery, hypo perfusion and tissue hypoxia

18
Q

What are the clinical signs of shock

A

Hypovalaemic
Tachypnoea
Anxiety/confusion
Tachycardia

19
Q

What is the management step of GI bleeds?

A

Stop harmful medications
Reversal of harmful medications
Correct coagulopathy
Endoscopic therapies

20
Q

What is the management of non variceal haemorrhages?

A

Endoscopic therapies

Proton proton inhibitors post endoscopy

21
Q

What are the risk factors for variceal haemorrhages?

A

Signs and history of chronic liver disease

Known varices

22
Q

What are the complications of variceal haemorrhages?

A

Sepsis
Renal failure
Encephalopathy

23
Q

What is the management of variceal haemorrhages?

A 
Avoid saline in cirrhotics 
Platelets
Coagulopathy 
Terlipressin 
Antibiotics 
Sengstaken-Blakemore tube 
Endoscopic (glue injection, band ligation)

GI (27 decks)

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