Observation (1)

Question 1

Observation I carried out

Answer 1

.counting number of students texting vs on the phone (visual vs auditory communication)
.29 visual vs 1 auditory

Question 2

5 key questions

Answer 2

who
what
where
when
how

Question 3

the 7 coding frames

Answer 3

focus
utility
operational definition
objectivity
context independence
exhaustive

Question 4

coding frame: focus

Answer 4

concentrate on behaviours that are relevant

Question 5

coding frame: utility

Answer 5

is it possible to use the information recorded?

Question 6

coding frame: operational definition

Answer 6

ensure you can identify which behaviours do and do not fall into the category

Question 7

coding frame: objectivity

Answer 7

your definition should not require observer to make inferences about participant

Question 8

coding frame: context independence

Answer 8

behavioural codes should be consistent over different contexts

Question 9

coding frame: exhaustive

Answer 9

.codes should cover all possible behaviours

.may need a ‘waste basket’ category

Question 10

coding frame: mutually exclusive

Answer 10

recording one code should preclude needing to record another simultaneously

Question 11

naturalistic observation

Answer 11

natural setting e.g Piliavin

Question 12

2 naturalistic observation pros

Answer 12

increased ecological validity
no demand characteristics
can record unexpected behaviours

Question 13

2 naturalistic observation cons

Answer 13

more uncontrollable variables
harder to observe
harder to be ethical e.g consent/debrief etc

Question 14

controlled observation and e.g

Answer 14

controlled environment e.g Milgram

Question 15

2 controlled observation pros

Answer 15

controls more variables
easier to observe
easier to be ethical

Question 16

2 controlled observation cons

Answer 16

decreased ecological validity

demand characteristics risk

Question 17

participant observation and e.g

Answer 17

observer goes undercover e.g Piliavin

Question 18

2 participant observation pros

Answer 18

may see behaviours not visible to public

deeper insight into reasoning

Question 19

2 participant observation cons

Answer 19

difficult to record data while youre part of a group

unethical

Question 20

non participant observation and e.g

Answer 20

observed by someone outside the group e.g Milgram

Question 21

2 non participant observation pros

Answer 21

more ethical - not impacting on participants

easier to physically record the data

Question 22

2 non participant observation cons

Answer 22

lacks deeper insight so could make incorrect assumptions

still not quite ethical

Question 23

covert (undisclosed) observation and e.g

Answer 23

participants unaware of being recorded e.g Piliavin, Bandura

Question 24

2 covert observation pros

Answer 24

no demand characteristics

can easily observe in a range of places

Question 25

2 covert observation cons

Answer 25

less ethical - no i.consent

difficult not to draw attention still

Question 26

overt (disclosed) observation and e.g

Answer 26

participants aware of being recorded e.g Kohlberg

Question 27

2 overt observation pros

Answer 27

ethical

easy to physically record - not worried about getting caught

Question 28

2 overt observation cons

Answer 28

demand characteristics

harder to gain sample

Question 29

event sampling def

Answer 29

tally recorded every time a pre-determined behaviour occurs

Question 30

3 time sampling methods

Answer 30

one-zero sampling
instantaneous scan sampling
predominant activity sampling

Question 31

one-zero sampling

Answer 31

during each time interval, a record is made of does behaviour happen or not

Question 32

instantaneous scan sampling

Answer 32

at the end of an interval , a record is made of what behaviour is occurring

Question 33

predominant activity sampling

Answer 33

continuous observation. record made of what behaviour occurred most in that time interval (estimation)

Question 34

2 event sampling pros

Answer 34

.records amounts, not just if it happens or not
.more accurate
.better for non frequent behaviours

Question 35

2 event sampling cons

Answer 35

.may miss behaviours if recording/watching at same time
.time consuming
.no info on when

Question 36

3 time sampling pros

Answer 36

.different ways
.easy to analyse
.can see how it changes over time
.see when behaviour occurs
.less effort/concentration required

Question 37

2 time sampling cons

Answer 37

.miss out some behaviours

.not fully representative

Question 38

presenting event sampling

Answer 38

pie chart

Question 39

presenting time sampling

Answer 39

line graph
time along x axis
category along y axis