Objectives and Vocabulary for Week Two Flashcards
TLR-4
A toll-like receptor (TLR) which detects lipopolysaccharides from Gram-Negative bacteria. It is located on the surface of the cell membrane.
TLR3,TLR7
TRL proteins which recognizes dsRNA associated with viral infection and activates NF-kB, leading to IRF3 to lead to production of type 1 interferons. Both are located in the endosome. TLR3 signals through TRIF transcription factor which leads to IRFS which leads to the expression of type 1 interferon. TLR7 signals through MyD88 which goes through NF-kB transcription factor which produces TNF, IL-1, IL-6, CCL2, CXCL8, E-selectin, CD80, and CD86.
TLR-9
An endosomal TLR which detects ssRNA, and CpG DNA. It signals through MyD88, and transcription factor NF-kB.
RIG-I
A family of PRR (pattern recognition receptor) which are involved in the recognition of viruses by the innate immune system. They are located within the cytoplasm of human cells, and detect viral replication through direct interacts with dsRNA and some member of the family can induce a cellular response.
Mannose Binding Lectin:
A plasma protein that binds to mannose residues on bacterial cell walls and acts as an opsonin by promoting phagocytosis of the bacterium by macrophages. Macrophages express a surface receptor for C1q that can also bind MBL and mediate uptake of the opsonized organsims.
IL-12
Interleukin 12, IFN lambda synthesis, increased cytotoxic cell activity
IL-1
produced by tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, B lymphocytes, and epithelial cells. They increase the expression of adhesion factors on endothelial cells to enable transmigration (diapedessis) of immunocompetent cells. It also causes fever, vasodilation and hypotension.
Toll like receptor (TLR):
A family of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system that are expressed on the surface and in endosomes of many cell types and that recognize microbial structures, such as endotoxin and viral RNA, and transduce signals that lead to the expression of inflammatory and anti-viral genes.
Extravasation
Leakage of a fluid out of its container, specifically the movement of white blood cells from the capillaries to the tissues which are surrounding them, also known as diapedesis.
Diapedesis:
The movement or passage of blood cells through the walls of vessels and capillaries sa part of the inflammatory response.
CXCL-8
A chemokine which is produced by macrophages and other cells which induces chemotaxis in target cells, and phagocytosis.
IL-6
Cytokine produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, and T cells. This causes synthesis of acute phase proteins in liver and B cell proliferation of antibody-producing cells.
Type I Interferon:
A type of cytokines named for their ability to interfere with viral infections but have other important immunomodulatory functions. Type one interferons include INF-alpha and interferon-beta whose main function is to prevent viral replication in cells.
NFк-Β
Nuclear factor кΒ a family of transcription factors composed of homodimers or heterodimers of proteins homologus to the c-Rel protein. NF-kB proteins are required for the inducible transcription of many genes important in both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Lipopolysaccharide
Large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen outer core and an inner core joined by a covalent bond. They are common on Gram-negative bacteria. It acts as a prototypical endotoxin because it reacts to various TLR expressing cell types.
