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o chem Flashcards

1
Q

dehydration

A

to make bonds you create water. two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water

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2
Q

hydrolysis

A

to break bonds use water with enzymes. water is added to split large molecules

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3
Q

hydrocarbons

A

consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only

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4
Q

isomers

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their arrangement of these atoms

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5
Q

functioning group

A

attached to carbon skeleton have diverse properties. the behavior of organic molecules is dependent on the identity of their functioning groups

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6
Q

polymers

A

long chain molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers

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7
Q

carbohydrates

A

refers to all types of sugars simple and complex

CHO in 1:2:1 ratio

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8
Q

monosaccharides

A

all CH2O (C6H12O6) isomers

hexoses: 6 sided - glucose and galactose
pentoses: 5 sided - deoxyribose, ribose, and fructose

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9
Q

disaccharides

A

C12H22O11 (ratio off from dehydration reaction)

sucrose, maltose, lactose

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10
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose (cane sugar)

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11
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose (milk sugar)

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12
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose (malt sugar)

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13
Q

glycosidic bond

A

dehydration forms this bond between monosaccharides - O atom forms bridge between 2 C atoms

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14
Q

polysaccharides

A

comprised of hundreds of glucose molecules (C6H10O5)n

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15
Q

glycogen

A

energy storage polysaccharide found in animals, vertebrate muscle cells, and liver cells; branched

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16
Q

starch

A

energy storage polysaccharide found in plants; helical

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17
Q

chitin

A

structural support polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of arthropods like insects and crustaceans. (contains N but is primarily glucose, so it’s categorized as a carb)

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18
Q

cellulose

A

structural support polysaccharide in cell wall of plants

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19
Q

glycoproteins

A

short sugar chains (oligosaccharides) bound to one of more proteins - they are receptors

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20
Q

excess carbs

A

turn into glycogen, and if your glycogen stores are axed out then it turns into fat

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21
Q

nucleic acids

A

4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil in RNA)
DNA, RNA, ATP

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22
Q

purines

A

2 rings - AG

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23
Q

pyrimidines

A

1 ring - CUT

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24
Q

ATP

A

molecule with stored energy between phosphate groups - nucleic acid

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25
nucleotides
made up of nitrogenous base, pentose, phosphate group
26
bonds in nitrogenous bases
covalent between nucleotides and hydrogen between nitrogenous bases
27
lipids
CHO only and O is only in small amounts. most are hydrophobic and won't dissolve. fatty acids are the monomers. lipids aren't polymers
28
amphipathic
having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends - triglycerides and phospholipids
29
fats
glycerol and fatty acids, solids at room temp, animals
30
oils
liquid fat, plants
31
lipids chemical composition
H:O is variable in fats, very small amounts of oxygen. | lipids are huge molecules and generally linear
32
saturated fat
carbon backbone has no double bonds and is full of H
33
unsaturated fat
some H atoms are missing and replaced by double bonds (easier to break down and therefore healthier)
34
monounsaturated fat
1 double bond, healthier than saturated fat because a kink at the double bind prevents packing of molecules (easier to break down)
35
polyunsaturated fat
fatty acid with many double bonds - the healthiest type of fat
36
hydrogenated fats
unsaturated fats are purposefully saturated to produce solids - also creates trans fat
37
glycerol
important for building lipids; glycerol is needed to make a triglyceride and a phospholipid (its the hydrophobic head of phospholipid)
38
triglycerides
when lipids are in excess transported through blood stream for storage as a triglyceride - from food or can be made by the liver
39
phospholipid
used to make the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane - 1 phosphate and 2 fatty acids
40
steroids
identifiable by four rings. | cholesterol -> progesterone -> testosterone -> estrogen
41
anabolic steroids
to build up - synthetic testosterone used to build up dz muscles, testosterone increases bone/muscle mass
42
too much anabolic steroids
in males: violent mood swings, depression, liver damage, cancer, heart problems, shrink testicles, decreased sex drive, infertility, and breast enlargement in females: masculine characteristics, disrupts menstruation, stunts bone growth
43
proteins
polymers made up of amino acid monomers
44
amino acid
contain central carbon bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen an R group
45
categories of amino acids
nonpolar, hydrophobic; polar, hydrophilic; hydrophillic: acidic - negatively charged (R group has carboxyl); and basic - positively charged (R has amino)
46
peptide bond
link amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis
47
polypeptide
short chain of amino acids
48
functioning protein
1 or more proteins precisely twisted folded or coiled into unique 3D shape
49
collagen
structural protein - tendons, ligaments, cartilage
50
keratin
structural protein - wool, hair, nails, skin
51
hemoglobin
transport protein
52
immunoglobulin
defense protein
53
globular proteins
glob or round
54
fibrous
long thin or filamentous
55
primary structure
the unique sequence of amino acids are joined in
56
secondary structure
refers to one of the two 3D shapes that are the result of hydrogen bonding
57
alpha helix
a possible secondary structure. coiled shape
58
beta pleated sheet
a secondary structure, accordion shape
59
tertiary structure
complex globular shape, due to interactions between R groups such as hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges
60
quaternary structure
the association of 2+ polypeptide chains into one large protein (ex: collagen and hemoglobin)
61
protein function is dependent on
shape and folding, ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule
62
native
natural 3D folding has occurred
63
denatured
a protein that has lost its 3D shape which usually kills or changes its function

ap bio (24 decks)

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