energy Flashcards
cellular respiration
extracting the energy from sugars and other fuels and storing them in the bonds of ATP
uses of ATP
- too numerous to list
- includes active transport, muscle contraction, metabolism, bioluminescence
photophores
- special cells that release energy in the form of light
- you should probably figure out what the function of this is
metabolism
- all of an organisms chemical reactions
- very responsive to subtle changes (enzymes regulate)
- tends to flow on metabolic pathway
metabolism =
anabolism + catabolism
correlation between metabolic rate and unit body mass?
inverse relationship (larger mass = lower metabolic rate)
kinetic energy
associated with the relative motion of objects. moving objects can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. can show up as heat or light too (dragon fish)
heat or thermal energy
kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
endotherms
get their body temperature from exergonic reactions
ectotherms
rely on environment for body temp
potential energy
an object not in motion that has energy because of its location or structure
chemical energy
- potential energy stored in bonds, ready for chemical release
- ATP
- ex: chemical energy can be turned back into kinetic energy when you write or when a firefly glows
thermodynamics
the study of energy transformations or the effects of work, heat, and energy on a system
1st law of thermodynamics
- energy can be transferred or transformed but never created or destroyed
- energy flows
- known as principle of conservation of energy
what happens to the energy after it has performed work?
- some energy is lost as heat and dissipates into surroundings
- heat doesn’t really help an organism other than giving it its body temp
entropy
- a measure of disorder or randomness
- (losing energy makes the world more disordered)
2nd law of thermodynamics
- every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
- (i.e. there is an unstoppable trend toward randomization of biological systems and the universe as a whole)
spontaneous process
- a process that occurs without the input of energy
- (spontaneous = energetically favorable, not quick)
- spontaneous processes increase the entropy of the universe
free energy
the energy available to do work
excess free energy
results in storage or growth
insufficient free energy
results in loss of mass and ultimately death
reproduction and rearing
-requires free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth
-some organisms have seasonal reproduction
(go look at the monarch example)
photosynthetic organisms
energy from sun
chemosynthetic organisms
small inorganic molecules (with or without oxygen present)
heterotrophs
metabolize lipids, carbs, and proteins
order
- life requires a highly ordered system
- order is maintained by constant free energy input into the system
- loss of order or free energy flow results in death
free energy change in a reaction tells you what?
if the reaction occurs spontaneously
Gibbs free energy
🔺G = 🔺H - T🔺S
🔺G: free energy available in system
🔺H: enthalpy or total energy in system (usually heat)
T: temp in Kelvin
🔺S: entropy or disorder of a system
decrease 🔺H =
decrease 🔺G
increase T =
decrease 🔺G
increase 🔺S =
decrease 🔺G
🔺G > 0
- non spontaneous and will not go without the input of energy
- endergonic
- decrease 🔺S (bonds made)
🔺G < 0
- spontaneous and will of by itself
- exergonic
- increase 🔺S (bonds broken)
🔺G = 0
no work is done
photosynthesis
- endergonic
- decreases entropy
- +🔺G
- 🔺G = 6386 kcal/mol
- activation E: sun
cellular respiration
- exergonic
- increases entropy
- -🔺G
- 🔺G = -686 kcal/mol
bioenergetics
- overall flow of energy in an animal
- determines nutritional needs and is related to the animals size, activity, and environment
metabolic rate
- amount of energy used in a unit of time
- the larger the animal, the more mass they have and the more energy they require
basal metabolic rate
minimum metabolic rate for basic functions such as maintenance, heart beat, respiration, etc
relationship b/w overall metabolic rate and body mass is
constant and linear
the energy it takes to maintain each gram of body mass is
inversely related to size
