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energy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cellular respiration

A

extracting the energy from sugars and other fuels and storing them in the bonds of ATP

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2
Q

uses of ATP

A
  • too numerous to list

- includes active transport, muscle contraction, metabolism, bioluminescence

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3
Q

photophores

A
  • special cells that release energy in the form of light

- you should probably figure out what the function of this is

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4
Q

metabolism

A
  • all of an organisms chemical reactions
  • very responsive to subtle changes (enzymes regulate)
  • tends to flow on metabolic pathway
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5
Q

metabolism =

A

anabolism + catabolism

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6
Q

correlation between metabolic rate and unit body mass?

A

inverse relationship (larger mass = lower metabolic rate)

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7
Q

kinetic energy

A

associated with the relative motion of objects. moving objects can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. can show up as heat or light too (dragon fish)

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8
Q

heat or thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

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9
Q

endotherms

A

get their body temperature from exergonic reactions

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10
Q

ectotherms

A

rely on environment for body temp

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11
Q

potential energy

A

an object not in motion that has energy because of its location or structure

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12
Q

chemical energy

A
  • potential energy stored in bonds, ready for chemical release
  • ATP
  • ex: chemical energy can be turned back into kinetic energy when you write or when a firefly glows
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13
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformations or the effects of work, heat, and energy on a system

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14
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A
  • energy can be transferred or transformed but never created or destroyed
  • energy flows
  • known as principle of conservation of energy
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15
Q

what happens to the energy after it has performed work?

A
  • some energy is lost as heat and dissipates into surroundings
  • heat doesn’t really help an organism other than giving it its body temp
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16
Q

entropy

A
  • a measure of disorder or randomness

- (losing energy makes the world more disordered)

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17
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A
  • every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
  • (i.e. there is an unstoppable trend toward randomization of biological systems and the universe as a whole)
18
Q

spontaneous process

A
  • a process that occurs without the input of energy
  • (spontaneous = energetically favorable, not quick)
  • spontaneous processes increase the entropy of the universe
19
Q

free energy

A

the energy available to do work

20
Q

excess free energy

A

results in storage or growth

21
Q

insufficient free energy

A

results in loss of mass and ultimately death

22
Q

reproduction and rearing

A

-requires free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth
-some organisms have seasonal reproduction
(go look at the monarch example)

23
Q

photosynthetic organisms

A

energy from sun

24
Q

chemosynthetic organisms

A

small inorganic molecules (with or without oxygen present)

25
Q

heterotrophs

A

metabolize lipids, carbs, and proteins

26
Q

order

A
  • life requires a highly ordered system
  • order is maintained by constant free energy input into the system
  • loss of order or free energy flow results in death
27
Q

free energy change in a reaction tells you what?

A

if the reaction occurs spontaneously

28
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

🔺G = 🔺H - T🔺S

🔺G: free energy available in system
🔺H: enthalpy or total energy in system (usually heat)
T: temp in Kelvin
🔺S: entropy or disorder of a system

29
Q

decrease 🔺H =

A

decrease 🔺G

30
Q

increase T =

A

decrease 🔺G

31
Q

increase 🔺S =

A

decrease 🔺G

32
Q

🔺G > 0

A
  • non spontaneous and will not go without the input of energy
  • endergonic
  • decrease 🔺S (bonds made)
33
Q

🔺G < 0

A
  • spontaneous and will of by itself
  • exergonic
  • increase 🔺S (bonds broken)
34
Q

🔺G = 0

A

no work is done

35
Q

photosynthesis

A
  • endergonic
  • decreases entropy
  • +🔺G
  • 🔺G = 6386 kcal/mol
  • activation E: sun
36
Q

cellular respiration

A
  • exergonic
  • increases entropy
  • -🔺G
  • 🔺G = -686 kcal/mol
37
Q

bioenergetics

A
  • overall flow of energy in an animal

- determines nutritional needs and is related to the animals size, activity, and environment

38
Q

metabolic rate

A
  • amount of energy used in a unit of time

- the larger the animal, the more mass they have and the more energy they require

39
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

minimum metabolic rate for basic functions such as maintenance, heart beat, respiration, etc

40
Q

relationship b/w overall metabolic rate and body mass is

A

constant and linear

41
Q

the energy it takes to maintain each gram of body mass is

A

inversely related to size

ap bio (24 decks)

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