immune system 2nd line of defense

Question 1

phagocytes

Answer 1

capable of engulfing pathogens, dead/damaged cells, and foreign objects through phagocytosis

Question 2

neutrophils

Answer 2

engulfs microbes/damaged cells/virus infected cells

Question 3

monocytes

Answer 3

precursor to macrophages

Question 4

macrophages

Answer 4

engulfs microbes/debris/virus infected cells and can

release: TNF alpha, IL – 1, IL – 6

Question 5

TNF alpha

Answer 5

(tumor necrosis factor alpha) increases phagocytic activity, can recognize some types of tumors

Question 6

IL 1

Answer 6

(Interleukin 1) signals response by white blood cells and distant organs

Question 7

IL 6

Answer 7

(Interleukin 6) stimulates stem cells to produce more macrophages

Question 8

natural killer cell

Answer 8

kills abnormal body cells/infected body cells/tumors by inducing apoptosis

Question 9

interferon

Answer 9

secreted by cells that are infected with viruses that communicate with the cells around it. These cells do this by releasing antiviral proteins that plug up receptors on neighboring cells so viruses can’t bind.

Question 10

complement

Answer 10

antimicrobial protein that drills holes into foreign cells or coats foreign cells to
make them more susceptible to macrophages. Can trigger/amplify inflammatory response.

Question 11

what triggers inflammatory response?

Answer 11

an infectious agent or break in barrier

Question 12

after inflammatory response is triggered…

Answer 12

basophils/damaged cells secrete histamine in the blood and connective tissue

Question 13

histamine causes…

Answer 13

vasodilation

Question 14

vasodilation causes…

Answer 14

redness, swelling, heat, and pain due to red and white blood cells leaking out of the vessels near damaged area

Question 15

what do phagocytes do in inflammatory response?

Answer 15

the ones found in blood engulf pathogens and damaged cells

Question 16

what does compliment (C’) antimicrobial protein do during inflammatory response?

Answer 16

drills holes into foreign cells, attract more phagocytes and can trigger basophils to release histamine (process cycles until all damaged tissue / pathogens are gone)

Question 17

what is the purpose of wound healing (clotting)?

Answer 17

seal off affected region and allow repairs to begin

Question 18

fever in inflammatory response

Answer 18

because some pathogens circulate throughout your blood a systemic response may take place, which includes fever. fever stimulates phagocytes and inhibits microbial growth

Question 19

materials needed for clotting

Answer 19

(all carried in blood) platelets, the plasma protein fibrinogen, and clotting factors

Question 20

first step of clotting process

Answer 20

damaged cell and or blood vessels release an enzyme that activates factor X

Question 21

factor X turns…

Answer 21

turns prothombrin into thrombin

Question 22

thrombin turns…

Answer 22

fibrinogen into fibrin

Question 23

fibrin + platelets =

Answer 23

blood clot

Question 24

why clots are also bad

Answer 24

they circulate through your bloodstream and may cause stroke, heart attack, or thrombosis. body breaks down clots that that form where they aren’t supposed to

Question 25

how to break a clot

Answer 25

tissue plasminogen activator turns plasminogen into plasmin which breaks the bond between fibrin and platelets

Question 26

what is included in lymphatic system

Answer 26

vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, adenoids, spleen, bone marrow, and possible the appendix

Question 27

2 functions of lymphatic system

Answer 27

return excess extracellular fluid to the circulatory system (this happens near shoulders) and fight infection

Question 28

lymph

Answer 28

the fluid of the lymphatic system, enters system through lymphatic capillaries

Question 29

lymph nodes

Answer 29

concentrated area of ducts that contain lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and macrophages. during infection these areas become activated and swell = tenderness, pain and aches associated with systemic infections

Question 30

spleen

Answer 30

stores dormant memory cells

Question 31

MHC

Answer 31

major histocompatibility complex - how your immune system differentiates between self and nonself. set of glycoproteins (protein/carb combo) on cell membrane. every person has unique MHC except identical twins

Question 32

MHC class I

Answer 32

found on essentially all nucleated cells except sperm, associated with T cytotoxic cells

Question 33

MHC class II

Answer 33

found only on antigen presenting cells, associated with T helper cells