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cellular respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cellular respiration

A
  • opposite of photosynthesis
  • depends on O2 (aerobic)
  • extracts energy from food (glucose and others)
  • yields 34-38 atp
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2
Q

4 parts of mitochondria

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. inner membrane
  3. matrix
  4. intermembrane space
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3
Q

glucose

A
  • only 40% of E in glucose gets stored as atp
  • 60% is lost as heat to environment
  • glucose is completely broken down into CO2 and H2O
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4
Q

electrons

A
  • glucose’s energy is stored as e-
  • during cellular respiration, e- are transferred to various receptors, such as oxygen
  • you can’t see the transfer of e-, just the H distribution (representation of e- transfers)
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5
Q

redox

A

reduction/oxidation reaction

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6
Q

oxidation

A

loss of e- or H+

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7
Q

reduction

A

gain of e- or H+

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8
Q

coenzymes

A

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
CoA (coenzyme A)

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9
Q

enzymes

A
  • dehydrogenase

- NAD (oxidized) -> NADH (reduced)

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10
Q

5 stages of glucose breakdown

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. acetyl CoA
  3. Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport
  5. chemisomosis
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11
Q

location of glycolysis

A

cytosol

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12
Q

location of acetyl CoA

A

matrix

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13
Q

location of Krebs/cac

A

matrix

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14
Q

location of electron transport

A

inner membrane

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15
Q

location of chemiosmosis

A

intermembrane space, inner membrane and matrix

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16
Q

products of glycolysis

A
  • net 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 pGAL/G3P
  • 2 pyruvic acid / pyruvate
17
Q

glycolysis

A

all organisms do this

irreversible

18
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

regulates glycolysis in step 3

ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase

19
Q

acetyl CoA step

A
  • 2 oxygen pulls off a C and leaves as CO2
  • 2 NADH
  • ES complex, acetyl CoA
20
Q

Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle

A
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 4 ATP
  • 4 CO2
21
Q

Krebs Cycle

A
  • lies at the intersection of anabolism and catabolism
  • high ATP = anabolism
  • low ATP = catabolism
22
Q

electron transport

A
  • the pathway of an electron from one carrier to another
  • electrons are released when a carrier becomes oxidized
  • mitochondria in eukaryotes and cell membrane in prokaryotes
23
Q

electron transport chain

A
  • cytochrome

- special membrane proteins that transport electrons

24
Q

cytochrome

A

special membrane proteins that transport electrons

25
Q

intermembrane vs matrix

A
  • matrix has low H+
  • matrix is constantly being drained of its H+
  • this creates an electrochemical gradient
26
Q

NADH and FADH2

A
  • for every 1 NADH and FADH2, 3 H+ move into the intermembrane space against the concentration gradient without ATP
  • 10 NADH = 30 H+ removed
27
Q

ATP synthase

A
  • (aka ATP synthetase)
  • because of the gradient, ATP wants to go back into the gradient
  • the only way back is through a protein complex called ATP synthase
  • the outflow of H+ works like a turbine and actually uses the free energy to change ADP back to ATP
28
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • the energy from all the Cs is transferred to phosphorous bonds in ATP
  • chemiosmosis only
29
Q

how much ATP?

A
  • glycolysis: net 2
  • acetyl CoA: 0
  • Krebs: 2-4
  • E- transport: 0
  • chemiosmosis: 28-32
  • total: 30-38
30
Q

why does atp synthesis vary in chemiosmosis

A
  • NADH and FADH2 don’t always donate 2 e = less
  • they may not have picked up 2 e in the first place = less
  • more than 10 NADH or FADH2 may be involved = more
31
Q

poisons that interrupt cellular respiration

A

insecticides
antibiotics
research to understand mechanisms

32
Q

anaerobic

A
  • no oxygen
  • some prokaryotes require this (Clostridium botulinum)
  • can show up in muscles while exercising
33
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A
  • fermentation (cytoplasm)
  • must use pyruvate to reduce NADH and NAD+
  • lactic acid (lactate) produced
  • if O2 is added it will switch to the Krebs cycle
34
Q

uses of lactic acid fermentation

A
  • used to make cheese
  • turns soy beans into soy sauce
  • cabbage turns into sauerkraut
35
Q

alcohol fermentation

A
  • yeast/bacteria
  • converting pyruvate to CO2 (bubbles) and ethanol
  • yeast: alcoholic beverages
  • wine: yeast dies at 14% (alc)
36
Q

strict aerobes

A

must have oxygen

37
Q

strict anaerobes

A

must be without oxygen (stagnant ponds / deep in soil)

38
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can go back and forth between O2 and no O2

39
Q

other organic molecules for fuel

A
  • digestion breaks polymers to monomers, enzymes change monomers into intermediates for cellular respiration
  • simple sugars -> glucose and isomers
  • fatty acids -> acetyl CoA
  • amino acids -> pyruvate, acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle

ap bio (24 decks)

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