eukaryotes Flashcards
(28 cards)
nucleus
center of cell, storage of cell’s genetic / hereditary material, coordination of the cell’s activities
chromatin
compressing DNA, wrapping around histones, into a compact unit that fits in nucleus
chromosomes
DNA as chromosomes is condensed into an X shape that makes it easier to split in half for cell division.
nuclear envelope
membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. regulates macromolecules
nuclear pore
allow transport of molecules across the nuclear membrane.
nucleolus
assembles ribosomes, only organelle within an organelle
cytoplasm
anything between nucleus and cell membrane. responsible for giving the cell its shape and holding organelles in place. mostly salt and water.
cytosol
water-based fluid in which organelles, proteins, and other cell structures float
cellular metabolism
chemical reactions that allow a cell to reproduce, grow, respond to stimuli
anabolism - energy is used to construct molecules
catabolism - cell breaks down complex molecules
cilia
thin, hairlike organelles existing on the external part of the cytoskeleton. they help move the cell or move fluids past the cell. 9+2 microtubule arrangement
flagella
long, lash like appendages that aid in cell movement. (can also be used as sensory organelles) bacteria and protozoa generally have these. 9+2 microtubule arrangement
ribosomes
small particles made of rRNA and proteins. found in the cytoplasm of cells and used to bind mRNA and build/synthesize proteins. most numerous organelle
endomembrane system
a group of organelles and membranes that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins and lipids
proteasomes
protein complexes in the cytoplasm which carry out proteolysis (process of hydrolysis in which peptides bonds are broken)
endoplasmic reticulum
folds of ER increase surface area for function
lumen
network of membrane tubules, vesicles, and flattened sac like structures called cisternae inside ER
rough ER
synthesizes proteins that will be sent to golgi via vesicles, packaged, and exported out of the cell. ribosomes attached to outside make it “rough”
secretory protein
any protein secreted by a cell. all synthesized in ER. includes hormones, enzymes, toxins
secretory vesicles
membrane bound sacs containing materials that are packaged together by Golgi apparatus and released through exocytosis. vesicles merging with the cell membrane replaces membrane lost to endocytosis
smooth ER
associated with production and fats and steroid hormones. detoxifies cell like a liver
Golgi complex/body/apparatus
made up of series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport. also makes lysosomes
lysosomes
contain roughly 50 hydrolytic enzymes to break down molecules. known as the suicide organelle, participates in apoptosis where cell digests itself
peroxisomes
absorb the nutrients a cell has acquired, digests fatty acids and alcohol, contains enzyme catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell, converts sugar and oxygen into ATP in cellular respiration