eukaryotes

Question 1

nucleus

Answer 1

center of cell, storage of cell’s genetic / hereditary material, coordination of the cell’s activities

Question 2

chromatin

Answer 2

compressing DNA, wrapping around histones, into a compact unit that fits in nucleus

Question 3

chromosomes

Answer 3

DNA as chromosomes is condensed into an X shape that makes it easier to split in half for cell division.

Question 4

nuclear envelope

Answer 4

membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. regulates macromolecules

Question 5

nuclear pore

Answer 5

allow transport of molecules across the nuclear membrane.

Question 6

nucleolus

Answer 6

assembles ribosomes, only organelle within an organelle

Question 7

cytoplasm

Answer 7

anything between nucleus and cell membrane. responsible for giving the cell its shape and holding organelles in place. mostly salt and water.

Question 8

cytosol

Answer 8

water-based fluid in which organelles, proteins, and other cell structures float

Question 9

cellular metabolism

Answer 9

chemical reactions that allow a cell to reproduce, grow, respond to stimuli
anabolism - energy is used to construct molecules
catabolism - cell breaks down complex molecules

Question 10

cilia

Answer 10

thin, hairlike organelles existing on the external part of the cytoskeleton. they help move the cell or move fluids past the cell. 9+2 microtubule arrangement

Question 11

flagella

Answer 11

long, lash like appendages that aid in cell movement. (can also be used as sensory organelles) bacteria and protozoa generally have these. 9+2 microtubule arrangement

Question 12

ribosomes

Answer 12

small particles made of rRNA and proteins. found in the cytoplasm of cells and used to bind mRNA and build/synthesize proteins. most numerous organelle

Question 13

endomembrane system

Answer 13

a group of organelles and membranes that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins and lipids

Question 14

proteasomes

Answer 14

protein complexes in the cytoplasm which carry out proteolysis (process of hydrolysis in which peptides bonds are broken)

Question 15

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 15

folds of ER increase surface area for function

Question 16

lumen

Answer 16

network of membrane tubules, vesicles, and flattened sac like structures called cisternae inside ER

Question 17

rough ER

Answer 17

synthesizes proteins that will be sent to golgi via vesicles, packaged, and exported out of the cell. ribosomes attached to outside make it “rough”

Question 18

secretory protein

Answer 18

any protein secreted by a cell. all synthesized in ER. includes hormones, enzymes, toxins

Question 19

secretory vesicles

Answer 19

membrane bound sacs containing materials that are packaged together by Golgi apparatus and released through exocytosis. vesicles merging with the cell membrane replaces membrane lost to endocytosis

Question 20

smooth ER

Answer 20

associated with production and fats and steroid hormones. detoxifies cell like a liver

Question 21

Golgi complex/body/apparatus

Answer 21

made up of series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport. also makes lysosomes

Question 22

lysosomes

Answer 22

contain roughly 50 hydrolytic enzymes to break down molecules. known as the suicide organelle, participates in apoptosis where cell digests itself

Question 23

peroxisomes

Answer 23

absorb the nutrients a cell has acquired, digests fatty acids and alcohol, contains enzyme catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide

Question 24

mitochondria

Answer 24

powerhouse of the cell, converts sugar and oxygen into ATP in cellular respiration

Question 25

cristae

Answer 25

increases the surface are of the inner membrane allowing for faster production of ATP

Question 26

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 26

mitochondria and chloroplasts were once their own cells. both of these organelles have their own DNA and ribosomes that do not match the rest of the cell. this indicates that they could survive and reproduce on their own

Question 27

mitochondrial ribosomes

Answer 27

perform protein synthesis inside mitochondria, energy conversion and ATP production

Question 28

contractile vacuole

Answer 28

part of protective mechanism that prevents cell from absorbing too much water so it doesn't lypsing (rupturing) because of excessive internal pressure. it expels water from the cell by contracting. a paramecium has this