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Chem Chapters 5-7 > Nutritional Anthro Final > Flashcards

Nutritional Anthro Final Flashcards

1
Q

why a change in agriculture?

A

population growth, change in temperature, geography, social demand

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2
Q

6 consequences of agriculture

A

dental health, nutritional quality, growth and development, infectious and parasitic disease, workload and activity, environmental impact

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3
Q

benefits of agriculture

A

population growth, increase in fertility, surplus of food, storage

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4
Q

5 most produced livestock

A

chickens(8kya) east/Southeast Asia, pigs(13), near east (Fertile Crescent), cattle/cows(10.5), sheep(9-11), goats(10)

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5
Q

what are some characteristics of Swidden agriculture

A

slash and burn or shifting, subsidence agriculture/technology, burn to clear land for crops, shift plots overtime, plots at different stages of production or regeneration, poly cultural plots

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6
Q

what are benefits of poly-cultural plots

A

nutrient cycling, soil stability, phenology, pests, disease and environmental protection, reduce crop failure

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7
Q

how do small populations effect the environment

A

some sustainability

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8
Q

how do large populations effect the environment

A

increase damage and not sustainable because of erosion and water run off

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9
Q

what are the positives of cassava

A

millet is labor intensive, less work and more time

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10
Q

what are the negatives of cassava

A

environment uncertainty and market demand

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11
Q

what is pastoralism?

A

herding of animals, small semi-permanent villages, semi-nomadic

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12
Q

who is Micheal Pollan?

A

professional journalist and author, wrote many books on culture and nature, the cow unit

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13
Q

industrial meat production, why is it bad?

A

feedlots-feed cows corn, steroids and antibiotics to keep the calf alive, Goth hormones, stress
meat packing plant-killing animals, spray with chemicals, stress

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14
Q

who is Dama Dufour?

A

widely versed in biological anthropology, professor, India, monkeys

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15
Q

who is Marvin Harris?

A

American anthropologist, sacred cow coverage in India, materialistic approach

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16
Q

what is the materialistic perspective?

A

doctrine prevented people from eating the animals their livelihood depend on

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17
Q

why do they not eat cattle in India?

A

sacred to the culture, the cow provides

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18
Q

what does the cow do for the people?

A

milk+ dairy, oxen help plant and cultivate crops, feces is used as fuel and fertilizer, transportation

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19
Q

what insects are eaten in Tukanoan?

A

21 different insect species- palm grubs (1kg/month), ants, termites and wasps (16 kg/month), caterpillars (39 kg/year)

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20
Q

What is the nutritional quality of insects

A

60% more protein, high in healthy fats, high in protein quality (AA)

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21
Q

what are the benefits of insect farming?

A

edible, high quality protein, high food conservation rate, organic waste feeding, less greenhouse gasses, less negative environmental impacts, can be made into flour

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22
Q

who is Cortini Borgerson?

A

professor, studying the nutritional impacts of insect farming and its use to fight nutritional stress+starvation

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23
Q

ideology

A

beliefs and values that are articulated by religious, social, and political groups

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24
Q

symbolism

A

find can stand for or suggest something else as a function of relationship, association, convention, or resemblance

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25
social power
an individual or group of individuals exert authority over other individuals or groups
26
how does food reflect identity?
social and ecological contexts, association, control, relationships, resemblance, authority, etc.
27
what are characteristics of the French food system?
love food, live longer and healthier, higher amounts of saturated fats, lower cardiovascular disease, cholesterol levels, less stress and roe pleasure in eating, focus on quality of food not quantity
28
what is France's intake?
reduced snacking, increased eating time, food is more important in their daily lives
29
what is France's expenditure?
more daily expenditure--layout of cities, more biking and walking
30
what are the characteristics of the US food system?
surplus of food, quantity over quality, food is easy to access, increased variety of foods , energy dense foods, no cultural compensation
31
obesogenic environments
world were obesity has now reached epidemic properties
32
rituals
a sacred ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order
33
how is McDonalds a ritual site?
behavioral uniformity-- setting, agriculture, food, ambience acts, utterances, rituals familiarity same uniforms, menu, nonverbal behaviors, atmosphere, location and convenience, advertising, inexpensive
34
what is adapting foods to people
processing
35
what is adapting people to foods
genetics and epigenetics
36
what is cassava?
a root vegetable and a major source of carbohydrates
37
how do they process cyanide out of cassava?
peeling or rasping, separating, heating
38
what is lactase?
lactase is a protein that breaks down lactose which is a milk/sugar
39
lactose intolerance
genetic, environmental components, substance systems
40
what are the benefits of drinking milk?
kcal, macronutrients, calcium, bones, muscles, fetal and adolescent growth, osteoporosis
41
what are the USDA goals?
agricultural interests, and nutritional health guidelines
42
what does the USDA support?
influences clinical, public health, and food assistance programs which adopt USDA policy and approaches
43
How do the medical industries relate to milk and dairy?
medical institutions give people medication so they can have dairy
44
how do the anti-milk organizations view the medical industries?
they think the solution should be to avoid milk and dairy
45
what factors contribute to calcium bias?
the average US citizen is not getting enough calcium per day and is usually told to drink milk to fix it, other populations have sufficient intake of calcium without drinking milk, people with different digestive needs are forced to conform to a standard, institutionalized bias
46
what are some differences and similarities between food and medicine?
medicines are substance to treat or prevent illness/disease, foods are substances to eat for growth/development/heal/live, some cultures food can be considered a medicine and/or a food
47
where did chocolate originate from
the Mayans, mesoamerica or southern Mexico
48
undernutrition
inadequate intake of nutrients for survival
49
food insecurity
limited or uncertain availability to nutritionally adequate foods
50
how many Americans don't have access to enough food to support an active and healthy life?
38 million
51
food poverty
hinger resulting from food insecurity
52
why is there food insecurity?
inadequate resources, political obstacles, weather, lack of transportation
53
what is the primary cause of hunger in the US?
food poverty
54
how many people don't have enough to eat?
830 million
55
what is the primary cause to world hunger?
poverty
56
what are other reasons there is world hunger?
food shortages, natural disasters, political conflicts, armed conflicts, overpopulation
57
what are the effects of undernutrition?
nutrient deficiencies--birth defects, learning disabilities, mental disabilities, impaired immunity, iron, iodine, vitamin A, zinc, macronutrient deficiencies
58
growth failure
combinations of undernourishment and infections
59
what are the two forms of acute undernutrition?
edema (kwashiorkor), severer wasting (marasmus)
60
what re two ways hunger interacts with the environment?
1. food production 2. damaged environments can't produce foods
61
how did food used to be?
food was grown around the city
62
how is food and culture now?
there are now dietary staples, symbols, and ideologies--food is more than nutrition, diets are similar, adaptation of these diets
63
delocalization
process of disseminating food varieties, production methods, and consumption patterns throughout the world, with an increasing and intensifying network of socioeconomic and political independency
64
commoditization
use of e-agricultural foods for sale rather than for local/home consumption
65
over-nutrition
adequate intake of total kcal which is not nutritional adequate or balanced with expenditure
66
how may adults are overweight or obese?
72%
67
how many children are overweight or obese?
1/3 of the percentage
68
how many people are overweight or obese globally?
2 billion
69
what are the causes of over nutrition ?
genetics (not a lot), epigenetics--eating and exercise habits in a family are correlated, the obesogenic environment surplus of food--food is easy to access, variety, energy dense, processed, increased portion size
70
what are the health effects of overnutrition?
increased insuline levels, cholesterol, hearth disease, terberculosis, nutrient deficiencies
71
epigenetics
the influence of environment factors on gene expression
72
obesity paradox
obesogenic Environments, populations living in or near poverty often have highest rates of obesity--access to nutritional foods is limited
73
food desert
limited access to nutritious, fresh, affordable food
74
food swaps
energy dense or unbalanced foods are more excessible and cheaper
75
what are issues with crops?
land is modified and used, biodiversity is lost, fertilizer--leads to runoff, algae, decomposition, oxygen depletion, dead zones--herbicides and pesticides, irrigation-- salt accumulation, crop failure, increased water use--soil quality erodes-- lack of phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen and other essential chemicals
76
what are the issues with livestock?
land is modified and used, biodiversity lost, same issues with crops, waste--contamination of soil and water, methane and climate
77
what are the issues with fishing?
depleting wild populations--decrease in water quality--aquaculture (fish farming)--requires grains and crops so those issues, wild fish--water pollution
78
what are the issues with energy overuse?
burning fossil fuels and what that does to the environment
79
what are the issues with water misuse?
stats
80
what re the biodiversity loss issues?
loss of variation, extinction rate increases, loss of crop diversity
81
what are sustainable solutions?
rotating crops, free raining livestock, maintain health, maintain diversity, control water usage, renewable energy

Chem Chapters 5-7 (22 decks)

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