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Chem Chapters 5-7 > Nutritional Anthro Final > Flashcards

Nutritional Anthro Final Flashcards

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1
Q

why a change in agriculture?

A

population growth, change in temperature, geography, social demand

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2
Q

6 consequences of agriculture

A

dental health, nutritional quality, growth and development, infectious and parasitic disease, workload and activity, environmental impact

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3
Q

benefits of agriculture

A

population growth, increase in fertility, surplus of food, storage

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4
Q

5 most produced livestock

A

chickens(8kya) east/Southeast Asia, pigs(13), near east (Fertile Crescent), cattle/cows(10.5), sheep(9-11), goats(10)

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5
Q

what are some characteristics of Swidden agriculture

A

slash and burn or shifting, subsidence agriculture/technology, burn to clear land for crops, shift plots overtime, plots at different stages of production or regeneration, poly cultural plots

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6
Q

what are benefits of poly-cultural plots

A

nutrient cycling, soil stability, phenology, pests, disease and environmental protection, reduce crop failure

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7
Q

how do small populations effect the environment

A

some sustainability

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8
Q

how do large populations effect the environment

A

increase damage and not sustainable because of erosion and water run off

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9
Q

what are the positives of cassava

A

millet is labor intensive, less work and more time

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10
Q

what are the negatives of cassava

A

environment uncertainty and market demand

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11
Q

what is pastoralism?

A

herding of animals, small semi-permanent villages, semi-nomadic

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12
Q

who is Micheal Pollan?

A

professional journalist and author, wrote many books on culture and nature, the cow unit

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13
Q

industrial meat production, why is it bad?

A

feedlots-feed cows corn, steroids and antibiotics to keep the calf alive, Goth hormones, stress
meat packing plant-killing animals, spray with chemicals, stress

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14
Q

who is Dama Dufour?

A

widely versed in biological anthropology, professor, India, monkeys

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15
Q

who is Marvin Harris?

A

American anthropologist, sacred cow coverage in India, materialistic approach

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16
Q

what is the materialistic perspective?

A

doctrine prevented people from eating the animals their livelihood depend on

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17
Q

why do they not eat cattle in India?

A

sacred to the culture, the cow provides

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18
Q

what does the cow do for the people?

A

milk+ dairy, oxen help plant and cultivate crops, feces is used as fuel and fertilizer, transportation

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19
Q

what insects are eaten in Tukanoan?

A

21 different insect species- palm grubs (1kg/month), ants, termites and wasps (16 kg/month), caterpillars (39 kg/year)

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20
Q

What is the nutritional quality of insects

A

60% more protein, high in healthy fats, high in protein quality (AA)

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21
Q

what are the benefits of insect farming?

A

edible, high quality protein, high food conservation rate, organic waste feeding, less greenhouse gasses, less negative environmental impacts, can be made into flour

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22
Q

who is Cortini Borgerson?

A

professor, studying the nutritional impacts of insect farming and its use to fight nutritional stress+starvation

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23
Q

ideology

A

beliefs and values that are articulated by religious, social, and political groups

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24
Q

symbolism

A

find can stand for or suggest something else as a function of relationship, association, convention, or resemblance

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25
Q

social power

A

an individual or group of individuals exert authority over other individuals or groups

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26
Q

how does food reflect identity?

A

social and ecological contexts, association, control, relationships, resemblance, authority, etc.

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27
Q

what are characteristics of the French food system?

A

love food, live longer and healthier, higher amounts of saturated fats, lower cardiovascular disease, cholesterol levels, less stress and roe pleasure in eating, focus on quality of food not quantity

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28
Q

what is France’s intake?

A

reduced snacking, increased eating time, food is more important in their daily lives

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29
Q

what is France’s expenditure?

A

more daily expenditure–layout of cities, more biking and walking

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30
Q

what are the characteristics of the US food system?

A

surplus of food, quantity over quality, food is easy to access, increased variety of foods , energy dense foods, no cultural compensation

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31
Q

obesogenic environments

A

world were obesity has now reached epidemic properties

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32
Q

rituals

A

a sacred ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order

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33
Q

how is McDonalds a ritual site?

A

behavioral uniformity– setting, agriculture, food, ambience acts, utterances, rituals
familiarity
same uniforms, menu, nonverbal behaviors, atmosphere, location and convenience, advertising, inexpensive

34
Q

what is adapting foods to people

A

processing

35
Q

what is adapting people to foods

A

genetics and epigenetics

36
Q

what is cassava?

A

a root vegetable and a major source of carbohydrates

37
Q

how do they process cyanide out of cassava?

A

peeling or rasping, separating, heating

38
Q

what is lactase?

A

lactase is a protein that breaks down lactose which is a milk/sugar

39
Q

lactose intolerance

A

genetic, environmental components, substance systems

40
Q

what are the benefits of drinking milk?

A

kcal, macronutrients, calcium, bones, muscles, fetal and adolescent growth, osteoporosis

41
Q

what are the USDA goals?

A

agricultural interests, and nutritional health guidelines

42
Q

what does the USDA support?

A

influences clinical, public health, and food assistance programs which adopt USDA policy and approaches

43
Q

How do the medical industries relate to milk and dairy?

A

medical institutions give people medication so they can have dairy

44
Q

how do the anti-milk organizations view the medical industries?

A

they think the solution should be to avoid milk and dairy

45
Q

what factors contribute to calcium bias?

A

the average US citizen is not getting enough calcium per day and is usually told to drink milk to fix it, other populations have sufficient intake of calcium without drinking milk, people with different digestive needs are forced to conform to a standard, institutionalized bias

46
Q

what are some differences and similarities between food and medicine?

A

medicines are substance to treat or prevent illness/disease, foods are substances to eat for growth/development/heal/live, some cultures food can be considered a medicine and/or a food

47
Q

where did chocolate originate from

A

the Mayans, mesoamerica or southern Mexico

48
Q

undernutrition

A

inadequate intake of nutrients for survival

49
Q

food insecurity

A

limited or uncertain availability to nutritionally adequate foods

50
Q

how many Americans don’t have access to enough food to support an active and healthy life?

A

38 million

51
Q

food poverty

A

hinger resulting from food insecurity

52
Q

why is there food insecurity?

A

inadequate resources, political obstacles, weather, lack of transportation

53
Q

what is the primary cause of hunger in the US?

A

food poverty

54
Q

how many people don’t have enough to eat?

A

830 million

55
Q

what is the primary cause to world hunger?

A

poverty

56
Q

what are other reasons there is world hunger?

A

food shortages, natural disasters, political conflicts, armed conflicts, overpopulation

57
Q

what are the effects of undernutrition?

A

nutrient deficiencies–birth defects, learning disabilities, mental disabilities, impaired immunity, iron, iodine, vitamin A, zinc, macronutrient deficiencies

58
Q

growth failure

A

combinations of undernourishment and infections

59
Q

what are the two forms of acute undernutrition?

A

edema (kwashiorkor), severer wasting (marasmus)

60
Q

what re two ways hunger interacts with the environment?

A
  1. food production 2. damaged environments can’t produce foods
61
Q

how did food used to be?

A

food was grown around the city

62
Q

how is food and culture now?

A

there are now dietary staples, symbols, and ideologies–food is more than nutrition, diets are similar, adaptation of these diets

63
Q

delocalization

A

process of disseminating food varieties, production methods, and consumption patterns throughout the world, with an increasing and intensifying network of socioeconomic and political independency

64
Q

commoditization

A

use of e-agricultural foods for sale rather than for local/home consumption

65
Q

over-nutrition

A

adequate intake of total kcal which is not nutritional adequate or balanced with expenditure

66
Q

how may adults are overweight or obese?

A

72%

67
Q

how many children are overweight or obese?

A

1/3 of the percentage

68
Q

how many people are overweight or obese globally?

A

2 billion

69
Q

what are the causes of over nutrition ?

A

genetics (not a lot), epigenetics–eating and exercise habits in a family are correlated, the obesogenic environment
surplus of food–food is easy to access, variety, energy dense, processed, increased portion size

70
Q

what are the health effects of overnutrition?

A

increased insuline levels, cholesterol, hearth disease, terberculosis, nutrient deficiencies

71
Q

epigenetics

A

the influence of environment factors on gene expression

72
Q

obesity paradox

A

obesogenic Environments, populations living in or near poverty often have highest rates of obesity–access to nutritional foods is limited

73
Q

food desert

A

limited access to nutritious, fresh, affordable food

74
Q

food swaps

A

energy dense or unbalanced foods are more excessible and cheaper

75
Q

what are issues with crops?

A

land is modified and used, biodiversity is lost, fertilizer–leads to runoff, algae, decomposition, oxygen depletion, dead zones–herbicides and pesticides, irrigation– salt accumulation, crop failure, increased water use–soil quality erodes– lack of phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen and other essential chemicals

76
Q

what are the issues with livestock?

A

land is modified and used, biodiversity lost, same issues with crops, waste–contamination of soil and water, methane and climate

77
Q

what are the issues with fishing?

A

depleting wild populations–decrease in water quality–aquaculture (fish farming)–requires grains and crops so those issues, wild fish–water pollution

78
Q

what are the issues with energy overuse?

A

burning fossil fuels and what that does to the environment

79
Q

what are the issues with water misuse?

A

stats

80
Q

what re the biodiversity loss issues?

A

loss of variation, extinction rate increases, loss of crop diversity

81
Q

what are sustainable solutions?

A

rotating crops, free raining livestock, maintain health, maintain diversity, control water usage, renewable energy

Chem Chapters 5-7 (22 decks)

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