BIO Quiz 2

Question 1

What are the essential nutrients for life?

Answer 1

1. carbohydrates
2. Fats/triglycerides/lipids
3. protein

Question 2

Other essential nutrients

Answer 2

4. vitamins
5. water
6. minerals

Question 3

what are the four common dietary guidelines?

Answer 3

1. healthy dietary pattern at every life stage.
2. Customize and enjoy nutrient dense foods and beverages to reflect personal
   preferences
3. Focus on meeting food group needs with nutrient dense foods within calorie limits.
4. Limit added sugar, saturated fat, sodium, and alcohol

Question 4

what are blue zones?

Answer 4

Places where people have lived the longest in the world

Question 5

What dietary and lifestyle habits are common to humans
that live the longest in blue zones?

Answer 5

1. Eat a little bit better
2. Move a little bit more
3. Socialize more
4. Strong sense of
   purpose

Question 6

What is the 10 staple of the Okinawan Longevity Diet?

Answer 6

70% sweet potatoes, 12% rice, 7% grains and wheat

Question 7

Why might a high daily animal protein intake lead to inflammation & disease?

Answer 7

Most people eat too much protein needed for their body everyday and Meat and eggs –> choline and L-carnitine –> trimethyl amine (TMA) –> TMAO –> inflammation –> atherosclerosis

Question 8

What is TMAO?

Answer 8

TMAO stands for trimethyl amine oxide

Question 9

What are dietary sources that elevate TMAO?

Answer 9

Red meat, cheese, and eggs

Question 10

what are some common features of those who lost ≥ 30 lb and maintained the weight loss for ≥ 5 yr? That is, what did they do?

Answer 10

• high-carbohydrate diet
• low fat diet with the rest from protein
• fruits, vegetables, high-fiber foods
• Conscious of calorie intake
• ate a breakfast pretty much daily
• self-monitored by weighing themselves
• lots of activity

Question 11

What did Zuti’s & Golding’s research on exercise vs. dieting determine?

Answer 11

Exercise is more effective and healthier than dieting depending on the type of diet and whether or not it goes against the nutritional necessities in the body

Question 12

What carcinogenic products are produced during grilling of meat?

Answer 12

heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 13

List 3 ways to minimize the formation of carcinogens during grilling according to the American Institute for Cancer Research

Answer 13

1. covering the grill with aluminum foil.
2. Turning the gas down or waiting for charcoal to become low-burning embers.
3. Raising the grilling surface

Question 14

what does the hole of the doughnut represent?

Answer 14

The gastrointestinal tract lumen

Question 15

List 2 accessory organs of digestion

Answer 15

1. The pancreas.
2. The liver and gull-Blatter

Question 16

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 16

• the central linking theme to digestion
• adds the elements of water to a chemical bond to split things apart

Question 17

What 3 elements or components are required for hydrolysis to take place?

Answer 17

the body needs an enzyme, water, and an energy nutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate)

Question 18

List 3 general energy nutrient polymers and their corresponding
monomers that are produced as end-products of enzymatic digestion

Answer 18

1. Carbohydrates 2. Protein 3. Fats
2. Glucose 2. Amino acids 3. Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 19

What energy nutrients are digested by pancreatic enzymes?

Answer 19

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Question 20

What else does the pancreas do besides produce enzymes for digestion?

Answer 20

Hormones are made and dumped into the bloodstream

Question 21

List at least 2 other functions of the pancreas

Answer 21

1. Endocrine and Exocrine systems
2. generating mucus or making sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

Question 22

Where does most absorption of essential nutrients take place in the gut?

Answer 22

Small intestines

Question 23

What are the major functions of the large intestine

Answer 23

absorption and storage

Question 24

What component parts make up the cardiovascular (CV) system?

Answer 24

Hearts, vessels, and blood

Question 25

What component parts make up the lymphatic system?

Answer 25

Lymph nodes, vessels, and lymph

Question 26

What do the cardiovascular (CV) system and lymphatic system have in common, that is, what do they share? Where does this sharing or mingling take place?

Answer 26

Vessels. Specifically, the veins in the neck
They mingle in the capillary and share interstitial fluid (filtrate of plasma)

Question 27

Compare and contrast the pulmonary and systemic circulations

Answer 27

Pulmonary is to the lungs and the systemic is to the rest of the body notincluding the lungs

Question 28

Which has more vessels, the pulmonary or systemic?

Answer 28

Systemic circulation

Question 29

Which has higher pressure, the pulmonary or systemic?

Answer 29

Systemic circulation

Question 30

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Answer 30

1. upper right atria
2. Lower right ventricle
3. Upper left atria
4. Lower left ventricle

Question 31

What are the 4 (2 pairs of!) heart valves and where generally are they located?

Answer 31

-Two pairs: semilunar and AV-atrioventricular. Four valves: pulmonic/pulmonary, aortic,
RAV-tricuspid, LAV-mitral/bicuspid
-They’re between the atria and the ventricles and the veins.

Question 32

Using the correct direction of blood flow within the heart and circulation, place in order the following components: arteries, atria, capillaries, veins, ventricles. Pretend like you are
a drop of blood entering the R atrium from the superior vena cava

Answer 32

Veins –> atria –> ventricles –> arteries –> capillaries

Question 33

What does it mean when it is said that Billy or Susie has a hole in their heart?

Answer 33

Septal defect and it means they have a heart murmur. A hole between the left and right atrium

Question 34

What is a heart murmur?

Answer 34

a valve problem/a hole in the heart which causes extra heart sounds

Question 35

what are 2 general classifications of heart murmurs?

Answer 35

1. sound-systolic
2. diastolic murmurs