BIO Quiz 2 Flashcards
What are the essential nutrients for life?
- carbohydrates
- Fats/triglycerides/lipids
- protein
Other essential nutrients
- vitamins
- water
- minerals
what are the four common dietary guidelines?
- healthy dietary pattern at every life stage.
- Customize and enjoy nutrient dense foods and beverages to reflect personal
preferences - Focus on meeting food group needs with nutrient dense foods within calorie limits.
- Limit added sugar, saturated fat, sodium, and alcohol
what are blue zones?
Places where people have lived the longest in the world
What dietary and lifestyle habits are common to humans
that live the longest in blue zones?
- Eat a little bit better
- Move a little bit more
- Socialize more
- Strong sense of
purpose
What is the 10 staple of the Okinawan Longevity Diet?
70% sweet potatoes, 12% rice, 7% grains and wheat
Why might a high daily animal protein intake lead to inflammation & disease?
Most people eat too much protein needed for their body everyday and Meat and eggs –> choline and L-carnitine –> trimethyl amine (TMA) –> TMAO –> inflammation –> atherosclerosis
What is TMAO?
TMAO stands for trimethyl amine oxide
What are dietary sources that elevate TMAO?
Red meat, cheese, and eggs
what are some common features of those who lost ≥ 30 lb and maintained the weight loss for ≥ 5 yr? That is, what did they do?
- high-carbohydrate diet
- low fat diet with the rest from protein
- fruits, vegetables, high-fiber foods
- Conscious of calorie intake
- ate a breakfast pretty much daily
- self-monitored by weighing themselves
- lots of activity
What did Zuti’s & Golding’s research on exercise vs. dieting determine?
Exercise is more effective and healthier than dieting depending on the type of diet and whether or not it goes against the nutritional necessities in the body
What carcinogenic products are produced during grilling of meat?
heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
List 3 ways to minimize the formation of carcinogens during grilling according to the American Institute for Cancer Research
- covering the grill with aluminum foil.
- Turning the gas down or waiting for charcoal to become low-burning embers.
- Raising the grilling surface
what does the hole of the doughnut represent?
The gastrointestinal tract lumen
List 2 accessory organs of digestion
- The pancreas.
- The liver and gull-Blatter
What is hydrolysis?
- the central linking theme to digestion
- adds the elements of water to a chemical bond to split things apart
What 3 elements or components are required for hydrolysis to take place?
the body needs an enzyme, water, and an energy nutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate)
List 3 general energy nutrient polymers and their corresponding
monomers that are produced as end-products of enzymatic digestion
- Carbohydrates 2. Protein 3. Fats
- Glucose 2. Amino acids 3. Fatty acids and glycerol
What energy nutrients are digested by pancreatic enzymes?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
What else does the pancreas do besides produce enzymes for digestion?
Hormones are made and dumped into the bloodstream
List at least 2 other functions of the pancreas
- Endocrine and Exocrine systems
- generating mucus or making sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Where does most absorption of essential nutrients take place in the gut?
Small intestines
What are the major functions of the large intestine
absorption and storage
What component parts make up the cardiovascular (CV) system?
Hearts, vessels, and blood
