BIO Quiz 4

Question 1

What chemical is released at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

Answer 1

The connection between two excitable cells

Question 2

What does calcium do to secretory vesicles?

Answer 2

It allows them to become sticky so they can bind to a receptor

Question 3

What are the best dietary sources of calcium?

Answer 3

Dairy or leafy greens

Question 3

What other important physiological processes requires calcium?

Answer 3

bone health, nerve function, blood clotting, etc

Question 3

How do black widow spider venom uniquely alter the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 3

creates an explosive release of acetylcholine

Question 3

How does botox uniquely alter the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 3

step #3 is blocked by Closterium boxolitum, which prevents the release of acetylcholine.Therefore, providing temporary paralysis

Question 4

What are some of the dangers of black widow spider venom?

Answer 4

it causes a contraction to the diaphragm. If there is no antidote, we can die from the diaphragm having a tetanic contraction

Question 5

What are some of the dangers of botox?

Answer 5

If Botox leaks out the chemical causes paralysis and it can leak to other places you might not want

Question 6

In skeletal muscle, what molecules make up thick filaments?

Answer 6

Made up of myosin molecules

Question 7

In skeletal muscle, what molecules make up thin filaments?

Answer 7

Made up of actin molecules

Question 8

Identify 2 regulatory proteins within a skeletal muscle fiber.

Answer 8

tropomyosin and troponin

Question 9

What do they do/what is the function of tropomyosin and troponin?

Answer 9

they work together to block myosin during muscle relaxation

Question 10

What is a cross-bridge cycle?

Answer 10

Calcium attaches to one of the Mickey mouse ears of the troponin to pull it away allowing the myosin to attach to the thin filament to allow for muscle movement

Question 11

What is calcium’s role within skeletal muscle?

Answer 11

There must be enough calcium to allow the troponin to be pulled out for the release of the myosin

Question 12

What is muscle hypertrophy?

Answer 12

the myofibrils are being amplified causing an increase in strength and size

Question 13

What happens to myofibrils when a muscle hypertrophies, due to strength training?

Answer 13

The myofibrils are amplified, as in, they increase in size/diameter

Question 14

What are the common or lay terms for the pharynx, larynx, and trachea?

Answer 14

throat, voicebox, windpipe

Question 15

What structures make up the most distal point of the respiratory system where gas exchange takes place?

Answer 15

alveoli

Question 16

What is the chief muscle of ventilation?

Answer 16

The diaphragm

Question 17

Where specifically (anatomical site) is automatic breathing controlled?

Answer 17

the brain stem

Question 18

What is the conductive zone?

Answer 18

• the plumbing
• air temperature regulator through water vapor (humidifys)
• cleans the air
• there is no gas exchange

Question 19

What are required for a functioning respiratory zone?

Answer 19

Alveoli are required

Question 20

Where does gas exchange take place?

Answer 20

the pulmonary and systemic capillaries

Question 21

Where is the highest concentration of carbon dioxide within the human body?

Answer 21

the mitochondria/tissue cells

Question 22

Where is the highest concentration of oxygen?

Answer 22

the atmosphere

Question 23

What is the name of the process by which gas exchange take place?

Answer 23

diffusion

Question 24

What iron-containing protein molecule carries oxygen (O2) in the blood?

Answer 24

Hemoglobin

Question 25

How many O2s are carried by each protein molecule?

Answer 25

four

Question 26

What poisonous and potentially lethal gas binds with more than 200-fold greater affinity than O2 to its iron-containing binding site?

Answer 26

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Question 27

Identify one common source of carbon minoxide

Answer 27

cigarette smoke

Question 28

What organs besides the lungs are adversely affected by cigarette smoke?

Answer 28

heart, brain, and 100+ other tissues and organs

Question 29

What happens to cilia when they are exposed to cigarette smoke?

Answer 29

The cilia are paralyzed

Question 30

Why is the cilia being paralyzed important?

Answer 30

Because cilia is necessary for allowing there to be mucus movement

Question 31

Why do cigarette companies add ammonia to cigarettes?

Answer 31

Since ammonia converts nicotine into a more volatile form by vaporizing the nicotine, its used to hook the smoker by doubling the nicotine impact

Question 32

What is emphysema?

Answer 32

The corrosion of alveolar walls

Question 33

what is a major cause of emphysema?

Answer 33

cigarette smoking because of the chemicals of the alpha 1 antitrypsin inhibitor

Question 34

How long does it take for inhaled smoke to get to directly to the circulation of the brain?

Answer 34

5-8 seconds

Question 35

Why does inhaled smoke go directly to the circulation of the brain so fast?

Answer 35

Because inhaling it bypasses the systemic circulation

Question 36

What happens to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) when it is exposed to vapors from e-cigarettes?

Answer 36

MRSA is an antibiotic resistant and with e-cigarette vapor it creates a biofilm that makes it even more antibiotic-resistant.

Question 37

What is the risk of exposure to formaldehyde?

Answer 37

Formaldehyde is used to preserve cadavers and body parts. It is carcinogenic, therefore it can causes cancer and a lot of other things if exposed for a long period of time

Question 38

What is EVALI ?

Answer 38

E-Cigarette or Vaping Associated Lung Injury

Question 39

what have researchers concluded thus far is the cause of EVALI?

Answer 39

the causation is vitamin e acetate because of the THC and the fact that when these two things are combined, heated up and inhaled it is a problem

Question 40

what is the respiratory zones?

Answer 40

where gas exchange can take place because they have alveoli