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Chem Chapters 5-7 > BIO Quiz 3 > Flashcards

BIO Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major components or fractions of blood?

A

the cell and the cell fragments

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2
Q

What relative % do
these parts contribute to blood?

A
  • red blood cells, iron, and hemoglobin which is 45%
    -the buffy coat which is made of platelets and leukocytes at less than 1%
    -plasma which is 55%
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3
Q

Do %s differ for females and
males?

A

Yes
- females: 38-42%
- males: 45-50%

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4
Q

why do %s differ for females and
males?

A

Males have more testosterone, and more testosterone causes there to be more red blood cell production

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5
Q

Which blood cell type is the most common?

A

typical red blood cell

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6
Q

What is the general function of
the typical red blood cell?

A

carry oxygen to the rest of the body

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7
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percentage of redblood cells in the blood

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8
Q

How do you calculate hematocrit?

A

Put red blood cells over the total blood and multiply it by 100

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9
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

It is a blood disorder where there is one amino acid that is not in the normal hemoglobin amino acid sequence

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10
Q

What change in the amino acid structure of the protein leads to sickle cell hemoglobin?

A

the valine substitution for glutamic acid

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11
Q

Who is most likely to be affected by sickle cell anemia?

A

studies have shown that people of African descent are more affected by this because of conference resistance to malaria

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12
Q

What are some symptoms of patients with sickle cell anemia?

A

Some symptoms include: fatigue, tiredness/tired, and joint pain

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13
Q

What cells and cell fragments are in the buffy coat?

A

Buffy coat is made up of platelets and leukocytes

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14
Q

What are platelets general functions?

A

Platelets are used to clot blood flow for injuries

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15
Q

What are leukocytes general functions?

A

leukocytes are the defenders of the body

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16
Q

neutrophils

A

kill bacteria through phagocytosis

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17
Q

What virus causes AIDS?

A

The human immunodeficiency virus

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18
Q

What virus causes COVID-19?

A

SARS-CoV-2

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19
Q

What protein enables the virus that causes COVID-19 to gain access to our body cells?

A

Spike protein and the Ace 2 receptor

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20
Q

Why is it important to get
vaccinated?

A

Its important to get vaccinated because vaccines replicate the spike protein to make it so COVID-19 isn’t able to connect to the receptor. This allows your body to fight the virus and then it is less likely to be passed onto the next person

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21
Q

What is blood glucose?

A

Is the concentration of glucose present in the blood stream

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22
Q

What is the normal, rested and fasted blood glucose range?

A

normal: 70-99 mg/dL
rested and fasted: > or equal to 106 mg/dL

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23
Q

What is the range for pre-diabetes?

A

pre-diabetic: 100-125 mg/dL

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24
Q

What is the cutoff or threshold for being classified as diabetic?

A

diabetic: > or equal to 126 mg/dL

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25
Q

What 2 seesaw or antagonistic hormones work together to regulate blood glucose?

A

insulin and glucagon

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26
Q

Where specifically within what cell types and what organ are glucagon and insulin hormones made?

A
  • insulin is within beta cells
  • glucagon is within alpha cells
  • They both are produced in the pancreas
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27
Q

Which of these hormones is released during times of plenty?

A

insulin

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28
Q

Which of these hormones is released during fight-or-flight or times of need?

A

glucagon

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29
Q

What type of diabetes is the most prevalent in the US?

A

Type two

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30
Q

For type 2 diabetes, where exactly is the problem on cell membrane surfaces?

A

the insulin receptors

31
Q

List the Treatment Triad for diabetes

A
  1. exercise
  2. diet
  3. medication
32
Q

How does exercise impact insulin
sensitivity?

A

exercise has an insulin like effect. It increases insulin sensitivity

33
Q

In the ABO blood typing system, which alleles are dominant?

A

allele A and B are dominant

34
Q

Which blood type is called the universal donor?

A

blood type O negative

35
Q

what are the two most common blood types?

A

O+ and A+

36
Q

a mom is Rh- (-, -) and the dad is Rh+ (+, +) are there concerns that the baby might end up with erythroblastosis fetalis? Yes or No?

A

yes

37
Q

What is the % likelihood in this case that the baby is Rh+?

A

100% chance. Since Rh+ is dominant, and both copies from the father are Rh+, the baby would have to inherit one copy and thus be Rh+

38
Q

How are the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary connected anatomically?

A

has a vascular connection

39
Q

What triggers the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

RH+, releasing hormones

40
Q

What inhibits the release
of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

RIH-, release inhibiting hormones

41
Q

What are trophic/tropic hormones?

A

trophic hormones in general nourish the glands. Trophic hormones are:
- prolactin (produce milk for females during pregnancy)
- growth hormone (particularly targets bone, muscle and adipose tissue)
- thyroid stimulating hormone (metabolic rate)
- corticotropin (adrenaline production)
- gonadotropins: FSH (ovary) and LH (testis)

42
Q

How are the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary connected anatomically?

A

Connected by the stalk

43
Q

List 2 hormones the hypothalamus produces, but are stored in the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

44
Q

identify which of these two hormones is inhibited by alcohol that promotes excessive urination or diuresis

A

ADH is the hormone inhibited by alcohol

45
Q

Name 3 tissues that growth hormone targets

A

bone, muscle, and adipose tissue

46
Q

Why might an (endogenous or exogenous) excess of growth hormone be problematic?

A

It causes the growth of all tissues. Decreases glucose uptake and increases glucose production. Could create a type of diabetes from this

47
Q

What two hormones does the thyroid produce?

A

tetraiodothyronine(T4) and triiodothyronine T3

48
Q

How do T4 and T3 hormones
differ chemically?

A

the amount of iodine

49
Q

Where specifically is epinephrine/adrenalin/adrenaline made (identify specific area of organ/s)?

A

adrenal medulla

50
Q

What promotes the release of epinephrine?

A

fight or flight/stress hormones when your nervous system is increased by something in your environment

51
Q

Where specifically is cortisol made (identify specific area of organ/s)?

A

adrenal cortex releases the cortisol

52
Q

Where specifically is cortisol made (identify specific area of organ/s)?

A

adrenal cortex releases the cortisol

53
Q

What promotes the release of
cortisol?

A

ACTH promotes the release of cortisol

54
Q

lymphocytes

A

they are the immune response and have a B and T type
- The B type is the helper, and the T is the
antibodies

55
Q

monocyte

A

circulate throughout the bloodstream and can also be absorbed into the tissue to make macrophages which are used for cleaning

56
Q

Eosinophiles

A

deal with parasitic infections and necessary for allergic reactions

57
Q

Basophils

A

also help with allergies by releasing histamine and other things like it

58
Q

what are the 5 unique types of white blood cells.

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. lymphocytes
  3. monocytes
  4. Eosinophiles
  5. Basophils
59
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that coordinates voluntary muscle movements and receiving sensory information

60
Q

what are the Somatic Nervous System’s target organs?

A

skeletal muscles

61
Q

What are the branches of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

62
Q

What are the Autonomic Nervous System target organs?

A

kidneys, adrenals, heart, bladder, digestive and respiratory system, liver, pupils

63
Q

List 3 classifications of neurons

A

afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron

64
Q

What is myelin?

A

an insulative lipid, creamy, white coat that surrounds important survival axons

65
Q

What specific nerves are
myelinated?

A

important survival nerves

66
Q

How does myelin help?

A

-increases conductive velocity
-conserves ion and ATP energy

67
Q

What is the major
function of the front half?

A

produces the output. it occurs after your brain retains input and makes decisions based off that. This uses motor and efferent output

68
Q

What is the major
function of the back half?

A
  • the input
  • retains all the information coming from sensory, visceral, and uses efferent input
69
Q

What part of the brain is
responsible for speech formation?

A
  • left side of the brain
  • the Broca’s area
70
Q

What part of the brain is
responsible speech understanding?

A
  • right side of the brain
  • the Wernicke’s area
71
Q

In a fight-or-flight situation, which branch of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is activated?

A

sympathetic (thoracolumbar)

72
Q

What happens to heart rate (chronotropic effect) and heart contractility (inotropic effect)?

A

dual innervation, which monitors how the heart rate increases or decreases

73
Q

What happens to blood clotting in a fight-or-flight state?

A

Norepinephrine is released to the interneuron which causes there to be fight-or-flight response. The fight-or-flight activates the adrenals and vice versa

74
Q

In a relaxing, digestive and housekeeping state, which ANS branch is most active?

A

parasympathetic (craniosacral)

Chem Chapters 5-7 (22 decks)

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