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Chem Chapters 5-7 > BIO Quiz 3 > Flashcards

BIO Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major components or fractions of blood?

A

the cell and the cell fragments

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2
Q

What relative % do
these parts contribute to blood?

A
  • red blood cells, iron, and hemoglobin which is 45%
    -the buffy coat which is made of platelets and leukocytes at less than 1%
    -plasma which is 55%
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3
Q

Do %s differ for females and
males?

A

Yes
- females: 38-42%
- males: 45-50%

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4
Q

why do %s differ for females and
males?

A

Males have more testosterone, and more testosterone causes there to be more red blood cell production

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5
Q

Which blood cell type is the most common?

A

typical red blood cell

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6
Q

What is the general function of
the typical red blood cell?

A

carry oxygen to the rest of the body

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7
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percentage of redblood cells in the blood

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8
Q

How do you calculate hematocrit?

A

Put red blood cells over the total blood and multiply it by 100

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9
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

It is a blood disorder where there is one amino acid that is not in the normal hemoglobin amino acid sequence

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10
Q

What change in the amino acid structure of the protein leads to sickle cell hemoglobin?

A

the valine substitution for glutamic acid

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11
Q

Who is most likely to be affected by sickle cell anemia?

A

studies have shown that people of African descent are more affected by this because of conference resistance to malaria

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12
Q

What are some symptoms of patients with sickle cell anemia?

A

Some symptoms include: fatigue, tiredness/tired, and joint pain

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13
Q

What cells and cell fragments are in the buffy coat?

A

Buffy coat is made up of platelets and leukocytes

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14
Q

What are platelets general functions?

A

Platelets are used to clot blood flow for injuries

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15
Q

What are leukocytes general functions?

A

leukocytes are the defenders of the body

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16
Q

neutrophils

A

kill bacteria through phagocytosis

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17
Q

What virus causes AIDS?

A

The human immunodeficiency virus

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18
Q

What virus causes COVID-19?

A

SARS-CoV-2

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19
Q

What protein enables the virus that causes COVID-19 to gain access to our body cells?

A

Spike protein and the Ace 2 receptor

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20
Q

Why is it important to get
vaccinated?

A

Its important to get vaccinated because vaccines replicate the spike protein to make it so COVID-19 isn’t able to connect to the receptor. This allows your body to fight the virus and then it is less likely to be passed onto the next person

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21
Q

What is blood glucose?

A

Is the concentration of glucose present in the blood stream

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22
Q

What is the normal, rested and fasted blood glucose range?

A

normal: 70-99 mg/dL
rested and fasted: > or equal to 106 mg/dL

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23
Q

What is the range for pre-diabetes?

A

pre-diabetic: 100-125 mg/dL

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24
Q

What is the cutoff or threshold for being classified as diabetic?

A

diabetic: > or equal to 126 mg/dL

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25
What 2 seesaw or antagonistic hormones work together to regulate blood glucose?
insulin and glucagon
26
Where specifically within what cell types and what organ are glucagon and insulin hormones made?
- insulin is within beta cells - glucagon is within alpha cells - They both are produced in the pancreas
27
Which of these hormones is released during times of plenty?
insulin
28
Which of these hormones is released during fight-or-flight or times of need?
glucagon
29
What type of diabetes is the most prevalent in the US?
Type two
30
For type 2 diabetes, where exactly is the problem on cell membrane surfaces?
the insulin receptors
31
List the Treatment Triad for diabetes
1. exercise 2. diet 3. medication
32
How does exercise impact insulin sensitivity?
exercise has an insulin like effect. It increases insulin sensitivity
33
In the ABO blood typing system, which alleles are dominant?
allele A and B are dominant
34
Which blood type is called the universal donor?
blood type O negative
35
what are the two most common blood types?
O+ and A+
36
a mom is Rh- (-, -) and the dad is Rh+ (+, +) are there concerns that the baby might end up with erythroblastosis fetalis? Yes or No?
yes
37
What is the % likelihood in this case that the baby is Rh+?
100% chance. Since Rh+ is dominant, and both copies from the father are Rh+, the baby would have to inherit one copy and thus be Rh+
38
How are the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary connected anatomically?
has a vascular connection
39
What triggers the release of anterior pituitary hormones?
RH+, releasing hormones
40
What inhibits the release of anterior pituitary hormones?
RIH-, release inhibiting hormones
41
What are trophic/tropic hormones?
trophic hormones in general nourish the glands. Trophic hormones are: - prolactin (produce milk for females during pregnancy) - growth hormone (particularly targets bone, muscle and adipose tissue) - thyroid stimulating hormone (metabolic rate) - corticotropin (adrenaline production) - gonadotropins: FSH (ovary) and LH (testis)
42
How are the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary connected anatomically?
Connected by the stalk
43
List 2 hormones the hypothalamus produces, but are stored in the posterior pituitary
oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
44
identify which of these two hormones is inhibited by alcohol that promotes excessive urination or diuresis
ADH is the hormone inhibited by alcohol
45
Name 3 tissues that growth hormone targets
bone, muscle, and adipose tissue
46
Why might an (endogenous or exogenous) excess of growth hormone be problematic?
It causes the growth of all tissues. Decreases glucose uptake and increases glucose production. Could create a type of diabetes from this
47
What two hormones does the thyroid produce?
tetraiodothyronine(T4) and triiodothyronine T3
48
How do T4 and T3 hormones differ chemically?
the amount of iodine
49
Where specifically is epinephrine/adrenalin/adrenaline made (identify specific area of organ/s)?
adrenal medulla
50
What promotes the release of epinephrine?
fight or flight/stress hormones when your nervous system is increased by something in your environment
51
Where specifically is cortisol made (identify specific area of organ/s)?
adrenal cortex releases the cortisol
52
Where specifically is cortisol made (identify specific area of organ/s)?
adrenal cortex releases the cortisol
53
What promotes the release of cortisol?
ACTH promotes the release of cortisol
54
lymphocytes
they are the immune response and have a B and T type - The B type is the helper, and the T is the antibodies
55
monocyte
circulate throughout the bloodstream and can also be absorbed into the tissue to make macrophages which are used for cleaning
56
Eosinophiles
deal with parasitic infections and necessary for allergic reactions
57
Basophils
also help with allergies by releasing histamine and other things like it
58
what are the 5 unique types of white blood cells.
1. neutrophils 2. lymphocytes 3. monocytes 4. Eosinophiles 5. Basophils
59
What is the Somatic Nervous System?
part of the peripheral nervous system that coordinates voluntary muscle movements and receiving sensory information
60
what are the Somatic Nervous System's target organs?
skeletal muscles
61
What are the branches of the Autonomic Nervous System?
parasympathetic and sympathetic
62
What are the Autonomic Nervous System target organs?
kidneys, adrenals, heart, bladder, digestive and respiratory system, liver, pupils
63
List 3 classifications of neurons
afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron
64
What is myelin?
an insulative lipid, creamy, white coat that surrounds important survival axons
65
What specific nerves are myelinated?
important survival nerves
66
How does myelin help?
-increases conductive velocity -conserves ion and ATP energy
67
What is the major function of the front half?
produces the output. it occurs after your brain retains input and makes decisions based off that. This uses motor and efferent output
68
What is the major function of the back half?
- the input - retains all the information coming from sensory, visceral, and uses efferent input
69
What part of the brain is responsible for speech formation?
- left side of the brain - the Broca’s area
70
What part of the brain is responsible speech understanding?
- right side of the brain - the Wernicke’s area
71
In a fight-or-flight situation, which branch of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is activated?
sympathetic (thoracolumbar)
72
What happens to heart rate (chronotropic effect) and heart contractility (inotropic effect)?
dual innervation, which monitors how the heart rate increases or decreases
73
What happens to blood clotting in a fight-or-flight state?
Norepinephrine is released to the interneuron which causes there to be fight-or-flight response. The fight-or-flight activates the adrenals and vice versa
74
In a relaxing, digestive and housekeeping state, which ANS branch is most active?
parasympathetic (craniosacral)

Chem Chapters 5-7 (22 decks)

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