Nutrition - Plants

Question 1

Name the two solutions for animals since they cannot make their own food?

Answer 1

1. Herbivory -> Eat Plants (seeds, sap, nectar, dead plant material)
2. Predation -> Eat other animals

Question 2

An animal that eats dead plant matter is called a _______.

Answer 2

Detritivore

Question 3

Animals that feed on food that passes by them are called ________.

Answer 3

Filter Feeders.

Question 4

Give examples of filter feeders.

Answer 4

Clams
Black Fly larva using their labral brushes
Dapplers and Puddle Ducks scooping water and filtering through their lamallae
Swans

Question 5

What the filter sieve on Puddle ducks called?

Answer 5

Lamallae

Question 6

Puddle Ducks use their ____ +___ to filter feed from the water.

Answer 6

Lamallae and tongues

Question 7

Hummingbird adaptations for sucking nectar.

Answer 7

• Large proboscis (long tongue)
• Long beak
• Little spoon on tip of tongue
• Hyoid Horns and the Hyoid Apparatus (extendible tongue that loops around their skull and eyes)

Question 8

How to suck sap? Give examples of bugs/

Answer 8

Stylets - piercing mouth parts that are long and narrow that help with sap sucking

True Bugs, Aphids

Question 9

Describe the yellow bellied sap sucker sap sucking process.

Answer 9

drills holes different sizes to suck different tree material depending on the season.

Tree cafe for other bugs lol

Question 10

Name a couple ways animals break down the tough structural components of plants.

Answer 10

Mandibles, cheek teeth, radula

Question 11

What are mandibles, give animal example.

Answer 11

Insect/caterbillar apparatus that helps shear off plant tissue.

Question 12

What are radula, give animal example.

Answer 12

Slug chainsaw like conveyor belt inside their mouth that breaks down plant tissue.

Question 13

Insects that eat the leaves from inside the leaf membranes. Give example.

Answer 13

Miners

ex. Leaf Blotch miner

Question 14

Mammals modified teeth for breaking down plants are called _____.

Answer 14

Incisors.

Question 15

Structural components that help Moose break down plant matter.

Answer 15

lower incisors that break off material

cheek teeth that grind it powered by large masseters

Question 16

Define masseters.

Answer 16

Large muscles on the side of the head especially in herbivores.

Question 17

Things that all preform the same function but arise from different origins are called _________ ________.

Answer 17

Analogous structures.

Question 18

_____ ____ ___ and _____ are all analogous structures.

Answer 18

mandibles, radula and cheek teeth.

Question 19

What is a gizzard? What animal has one.

Answer 19

A second stomach before the other stomach that helps break down plant material. Has a grater like surface with cuticle lining.

Spruce Grouse

Question 20

What to slugs and snails produce to aid digestion?

Answer 20

digestive enzymes

Question 21

What do caterpillars do since they dont have digestive enzymes?

Answer 21

eat a fuk ton. since they waste alot of nutrients and can’t absorb a lot.

Eat 10 times their body weight but food is plentyful so this is okay.

Question 22

What do moose to to aid digestion?

Answer 22

Uses rumination and cough their food back up and chew it again

Question 23

What is the rumen / rumination?

Answer 23

The first stomach of an animal that holds bacteria that helps digest the food.

Question 24

The relationship between the bacteria in the rumen and the moose is a _______ ________.

Answer 24

Symbiotic Relationship

Question 25

What is coprophagy and what animal does this?

Answer 25

Eating the poop first time through to absorb the left over nutrients.

Snowshoe hairs and beavers

Question 26

What is a caecum and what animal has this?

Answer 26

A long extension off the intestine where bacteria resides to aid with digestion.

Snowshoe hairs.

Question 27

Porcupines dont need to use coprophagy, why?

Answer 27

They have a super long digestive track.

Question 28

Grouse have a ____ and ____ to help with digestion.

Answer 28

Gizzard and caeca.

Question 29

An animal that eats fruit all the time is called a _____.

Answer 29

Frugivore.

Question 30

Define seed predators, give examples.

Answer 30

animals that eat the seed

Chipmunks + birds

Question 31

Define seed dispersers, give examples

Answer 31

animals that eat the fruit and spread the seed in their poop.

Bears and waxwings.

Question 32

Physical adaptations of waxwings to eat fruit

Answer 32

Large gape
small gizzard
short intestine

Question 33

Why do waxwings need to digest quickly?

Answer 33

So they can make room for more fruit as they need to eat a lot of fruit to get proper nutrients.

Question 34

Goldfinches physical adaptation for getting at seeds.

Answer 34

special beaks that can open seeds like a can opener

Question 35

Red Crossbills physical adaptation for getting at seeds.

Answer 35

eat pincones
crossed mandiblies
long extendible tongue
massive gizzard for grinding seeds

Question 36

Red squirrels have ____ for helping them to eat pinecones.

Answer 36

incisors with hard coats

Question 37

What is vein drain? What animal does this?

Answer 37

when bugs bite a plants leaf veins to limit the amount of chemicals in the leaf.

Milkweed beetles.

Question 38

What helps herbivores neutralize toxins in plants?

Answer 38

Enzymes to neutralize the plants MFOs (mixed function oxidases)

Question 39

Difference between Specialists and Generalists.

Answer 39

S -> specific type of plant

G -> variety of different plants

Question 40

How do moose keep up their bodily sodium content?

Answer 40

1. stock up before winter by eating aquatic plants
2. store sodium during the winter in their rumen
3. eat balsam fir needles
4. eat road ditch water during the winter