LECTURE 16 / 17 - Animal Sex Flashcards by odessa boehm

The ultimate drive of plants and animals is to what?

Achieve genetic immortality through reproduction.

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Sex can be internal or external. Give two examples of two larger animals that use external fertilization.

Bass Fish

Frogs and Toads

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What is the special stimulating frog squeeze called?

Amplexus

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Why is internal fertilization better?

Has better odds to guarantee fertilization

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How do freshwater sponges have sex?

Release sperm in the water and another sponge will pick it up.

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What is a hermaphrodite? Give two examples of animals that are hermaphroditic

Has both male and female reproductive organs.

Sponges + Clams

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How does hermaphrodism double the chances of reproducing?

Because the males can give and recieve sperm.

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Describe snow flea springtails internal fertilize without meeting their partners.

Males drop little spermatophores on the ground for the female to pick up.

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How do slugs and snails have sex?

Are hermaphroditic and have internal fertilization by putting their love darts into each other.

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What is a gastropod?

Intromittent organ to get sperm to eggs (penis)

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Name the 5 Hemaphrodites

clams
freshwater sponges
slugs 
snails 
earthworms

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Why are most slow or sedentary animals hermaphrodites?

To double their changes of reproducing by being both sexes.

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Slugs and snails have a chemical on their intromittent organ to do what?

Stimulate it to make sure the sperm does to the egg.

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How do spiders have sex?

Use their special mouth parts called palp or pedipalps (IO) and suck up their own sperm and put it into the female.

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How do snakes have sex?

Have two intromittent organs called Hemipenes (only one used at a time)

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What is a penis?

Tool for delivering sperm closer to eggs, stimulation is a secondary function.

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Why is stimulation a good thing?

Because sometimes the female has a say in whether she becomes fertilized or not.

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Why is the penis stored away?

So it doesn’t catch on stuff or drag in the water.

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Name the intromittent organs for slugs + snails, snakes and spiders.

love darts (slugs + snails)
Hemipenes (snakes)
Pedipalps (spiders )

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Instead of a penis what do birds have? How do they use it?

Cloaca and will press their cloacas together in a cloacal kiss

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A penis bone is called a ____.

Baculum

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How do barnacles find their mate?

Have a wandering penis 40 x their body length and move it around to find their mate.

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How do songbirds find their mate?

Auditory advertisements

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How do woodpeckers advertise?

Non-vocal advertisement by drumming on wood

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How do ruffled grouse advertise?

By drumming by creating a vacuum with their wings to make a noise

How do Wilsons Snipes advertise?

by making a non-vocal sound with their tails called winnowing

How do crickets and grasshoppers advertise? What is this process called?

Make noises by rubbing their wings and legs together. Stridulation.

How do band winged grasshoppers advertise?

Crepitate with their hind wings

What do cicadas (insects) do to advertise?

use their timbals (muscle that snaps)

What adaptations do frogs have to vocal advertise?

Have an expandible vocal sac to create amplifie sound because it acts as a resonating chamber (leopard toads have two vocal sacs) Male Bullfrogs have large tympanum

What adaptation do birds have that allows them to sing two songs at one time?

Syrinx (group of muscles) trachea that leads to two bronchi

What are the two functions of a songbirds song?

Declaration of territory | Attract mates

How do female birds choose their mate?

How well the male bird sings

What is the mating for moose called?

The Rut

How do moose mate?

Female calls and males come thrashing in.

What are the disadvantages of advertising? (2)

- Predators and parasitoids can hear | - Cheaters called satellite males can exploit the efforts of other males

Describe the visual advertisement of ducks

Brighter colours = better sexual selection brighter colours reveal the age and health of the bird

Describe the Wilsons Phalarope courting process.

Female courts the male and have brighter colours. Males sit on the eggs while the females have multiple partners.

What is sexual dimorphism

Males are brightly coloured and and females are not (reversed in the phalaropes)

Phalaropes are ______

Polyandrous (female with multiple males)

How do house finches choose their mates? Why is this?

Based on bright colours because bright colours = good diet = better chance of finding food for the baby.

What are ornaments?

Modified parts of the body that help with sexual selection and showcase status or maturity.

Give an example of an animal with an ornament

Puffins have bills with grooves that grow in with age. Give this info to female indirectly. Older = survivor and better at providing food for babies.

What part of the body is an ornament for moose?

The antlers

The pointy part of the antler is called the _____ and ___ is the flat part

Tines and palm

What do moose antler show the females for sexual selection?

Age, health and status

Why are antlers indicators of health?

Because they take a lot of energy to grow and only healthy moose can grow them big

What do moose do when two males come in to a females call? What does this do?

Put on an antler display and check to see who has bigger antlers. This diffuses aggression

How do moose learn this antler display?

By sparring

What do male dobsonfly have to determine sexual selection?

Large tusks as ornaments

What is courtship?

A type of visual advertising that includes an elaborate ritualized displays

Male ducks have ____ displays

Head

Male ruffed grouse use their ____ ___ and ___ display. This is called a ____ display

Neck Ruff and tail display. Ruff display

Midges (small bugs) and Ebony Jewel-wings use ___displays.

Aerial

Male fireflies use ______ ____ displays

Aerial Light Displays

What kind of display do swans do?

Choreographed synchronized displays done by both members.

Wild turkeys visually advertise by doing this.

Showing off their tails and strutting.

What special features do male wild turkeys have during mating season? (3)

- Major caruncle - Beard - Snood (beak booger)

What do visual advertisement do sandhill cranes do?

A ritualized jumping dance

What is a communal display of a bunch of males dancing in an area called? What two animals do this?

Leks Wild Turkeys + Sharp-Tailed Grouse

What are chemical advertisements?

olfactory advertisements (sex pheromones)

Moose analyze these sex pheromones with their ______ _____.

Jacobson Organ

What do moose do to accentuate their scent?

Create a rut pit/wallow pit. (pee pit and roll in it)

How do female snakes attract their mates?

Leave a pheromone trail and males will track it.

Pheromones are commonly used by insects and usually females produce them. Males have ___ ____ to track these pheromones.

Special antenna

Female Moths advertise with pheromones and release their pheromones in ___. Males will do what to track them?

Plumes. Special flight pattern with special antenna

Pheromones have a secondary role, what is it? What two animals do something funky for stimulation to their partners?

Stimulation! Hares + Porcupines pee on their partners

Cedar waxwings have courtship displays that involve ________.

Gift Giving

Male Terns will bring back a ton of fish to a female this is an example of ___ ____. What does this prove?

Gift Giving courtship. That they are a good mate because they can find a lot of food.

Three insects that give gifts to their partners. Why do they do this?

Spiders Scorpions flies Dance Flies To avoid being eaten

What do marsh wrens do to impress females?

Make a bunch of dummy nests. More dummy nests = more laaadiiiessss

Male bass and bluegill sunfish also offer nests to the females. What weird evolutionary adaptation to their species have?

Three forms of males!! Two are satellite males

When males attempt to guarantee their paternity what is this called?

Contact guarding

What do dragonflies do to guarantee paternity? What is this position called?

Claspers and hold onto the female until she lays her eggs. Position is called the wheel.

Mating over a couple days is called ___ ____ and is a form of contact guarding. What animal does this?

Long Copulations | Walking Sticks use their claspers and latch onto the female for 2-3 days

What is a copulatory plug

prevents other males from mating

Examples of copulatory plugs.

``` headless sperm (beetles) Giant Sperm (featherwing beetles) Cement plug (mosquitos) Their own bodies (honeybees) ```

What do mosquitos also ejaculate with sperm

anti-aphrodisiacs to turn off other males