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BIOL 1902 - Natural History > LECTURE 16 / 17 - Animal Sex > Flashcards

LECTURE 16 / 17 - Animal Sex Flashcards

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1
Q

The ultimate drive of plants and animals is to what?

A

Achieve genetic immortality through reproduction.

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2
Q

Sex can be internal or external. Give two examples of two larger animals that use external fertilization.

A

Bass Fish

Frogs and Toads

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3
Q

What is the special stimulating frog squeeze called?

A

Amplexus

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4
Q

Why is internal fertilization better?

A

Has better odds to guarantee fertilization

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5
Q

How do freshwater sponges have sex?

A

Release sperm in the water and another sponge will pick it up.

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6
Q

What is a hermaphrodite? Give two examples of animals that are hermaphroditic

A

Has both male and female reproductive organs.

Sponges + Clams

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7
Q

How does hermaphrodism double the chances of reproducing?

A

Because the males can give and recieve sperm.

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8
Q

Describe snow flea springtails internal fertilize without meeting their partners.

A

Males drop little spermatophores on the ground for the female to pick up.

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9
Q

How do slugs and snails have sex?

A

Are hermaphroditic and have internal fertilization by putting their love darts into each other.

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10
Q

What is a gastropod?

A

Intromittent organ to get sperm to eggs (penis)

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11
Q

Name the 5 Hemaphrodites

A 
clams
freshwater sponges
slugs 
snails 
earthworms
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12
Q

Why are most slow or sedentary animals hermaphrodites?

A

To double their changes of reproducing by being both sexes.

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13
Q

Slugs and snails have a chemical on their intromittent organ to do what?

A

Stimulate it to make sure the sperm does to the egg.

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14
Q

How do spiders have sex?

A

Use their special mouth parts called palp or pedipalps (IO) and suck up their own sperm and put it into the female.

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15
Q

How do snakes have sex?

A

Have two intromittent organs called Hemipenes (only one used at a time)

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16
Q

What is a penis?

A

Tool for delivering sperm closer to eggs, stimulation is a secondary function.

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17
Q

Why is stimulation a good thing?

A

Because sometimes the female has a say in whether she becomes fertilized or not.

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18
Q

Why is the penis stored away?

A

So it doesn’t catch on stuff or drag in the water.

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19
Q

Name the intromittent organs for slugs + snails, snakes and spiders.

A

love darts (slugs + snails)
Hemipenes (snakes)
Pedipalps (spiders )

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20
Q

Instead of a penis what do birds have? How do they use it?

A

Cloaca and will press their cloacas together in a cloacal kiss

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21
Q

A penis bone is called a ____.

A

Baculum

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22
Q

How do barnacles find their mate?

A

Have a wandering penis 40 x their body length and move it around to find their mate.

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23
Q

How do songbirds find their mate?

A

Auditory advertisements

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24
Q

How do woodpeckers advertise?

A

Non-vocal advertisement by drumming on wood

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25
Q

How do ruffled grouse advertise?

A

By drumming by creating a vacuum with their wings to make a noise

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26
Q

How do Wilsons Snipes advertise?

A

by making a non-vocal sound with their tails called winnowing

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27
Q

How do crickets and grasshoppers advertise? What is this process called?

A

Make noises by rubbing their wings and legs together. Stridulation.

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28
Q

How do band winged grasshoppers advertise?

A

Crepitate with their hind wings

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29
Q

What do cicadas (insects) do to advertise?

A

use their timbals (muscle that snaps)

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30
Q

What adaptations do frogs have to vocal advertise?

A

Have an expandible vocal sac to create amplifie sound because it acts as a resonating chamber (leopard toads have two vocal sacs)

Male Bullfrogs have large tympanum

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31
Q

What adaptation do birds have that allows them to sing two songs at one time?

A

Syrinx (group of muscles) trachea that leads to two bronchi

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32
Q

What are the two functions of a songbirds song?

A

Declaration of territory

Attract mates

33
Q

How do female birds choose their mate?

A

How well the male bird sings

34
Q

What is the mating for moose called?

A

The Rut

35
Q

How do moose mate?

A

Female calls and males come thrashing in.

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of advertising? (2)

A
  • Predators and parasitoids can hear

- Cheaters called satellite males can exploit the efforts of other males

37
Q

Describe the visual advertisement of ducks

A

Brighter colours = better sexual selection

brighter colours reveal the age and health of the bird

38
Q

Describe the Wilsons Phalarope courting process.

A

Female courts the male and have brighter colours. Males sit on the eggs while the females have multiple partners.

39
Q

What is sexual dimorphism

A

Males are brightly coloured and and females are not (reversed in the phalaropes)

40
Q

Phalaropes are ______

A

Polyandrous (female with multiple males)

41
Q

How do house finches choose their mates? Why is this?

A

Based on bright colours because bright colours = good diet = better chance of finding food for the baby.

42
Q

What are ornaments?

A

Modified parts of the body that help with sexual selection and showcase status or maturity.

43
Q

Give an example of an animal with an ornament

A

Puffins have bills with grooves that grow in with age. Give this info to female indirectly. Older = survivor and better at providing food for babies.

44
Q

What part of the body is an ornament for moose?

A

The antlers

45
Q

The pointy part of the antler is called the _____ and ___ is the flat part

A

Tines and palm

46
Q

What do moose antler show the females for sexual selection?

A

Age, health and status

47
Q

Why are antlers indicators of health?

A

Because they take a lot of energy to grow and only healthy moose can grow them big

48
Q

What do moose do when two males come in to a females call? What does this do?

A

Put on an antler display and check to see who has bigger antlers. This diffuses aggression

49
Q

How do moose learn this antler display?

A

By sparring

50
Q

What do male dobsonfly have to determine sexual selection?

A

Large tusks as ornaments

51
Q

What is courtship?

A

A type of visual advertising that includes an elaborate ritualized displays

52
Q

Male ducks have ____ displays

A

Head

53
Q

Male ruffed grouse use their ____ ___ and ___ display. This is called a ____ display

A

Neck Ruff and tail display.

Ruff display

54
Q

Midges (small bugs) and Ebony Jewel-wings use ___displays.

A

Aerial

55
Q

Male fireflies use ______ ____ displays

A

Aerial Light Displays

56
Q

What kind of display do swans do?

A

Choreographed synchronized displays done by both members.

57
Q

Wild turkeys visually advertise by doing this.

A

Showing off their tails and strutting.

58
Q

What special features do male wild turkeys have during mating season? (3)

A
  • Major caruncle
  • Beard
  • Snood (beak booger)
59
Q

What do visual advertisement do sandhill cranes do?

A

A ritualized jumping dance

60
Q

What is a communal display of a bunch of males dancing in an area called? What two animals do this?

A

Leks

Wild Turkeys + Sharp-Tailed Grouse

61
Q

What are chemical advertisements?

A

olfactory advertisements (sex pheromones)

62
Q

Moose analyze these sex pheromones with their ______ _____.

A

Jacobson Organ

63
Q

What do moose do to accentuate their scent?

A

Create a rut pit/wallow pit. (pee pit and roll in it)

64
Q

How do female snakes attract their mates?

A

Leave a pheromone trail and males will track it.

65
Q

Pheromones are commonly used by insects and usually females produce them. Males have ___ ____ to track these pheromones.

A

Special antenna

66
Q

Female Moths advertise with pheromones and release their pheromones in ___. Males will do what to track them?

A

Plumes.

Special flight pattern with special antenna

67
Q

Pheromones have a secondary role, what is it? What two animals do something funky for stimulation to their partners?

A

Stimulation!

Hares + Porcupines pee on their partners

68
Q

Cedar waxwings have courtship displays that involve ________.

A

Gift Giving

69
Q

Male Terns will bring back a ton of fish to a female this is an example of ___ ____. What does this prove?

A

Gift Giving courtship. That they are a good mate because they can find a lot of food.

70
Q

Three insects that give gifts to their partners. Why do they do this?

A

Spiders
Scorpions flies
Dance Flies

To avoid being eaten

71
Q

What do marsh wrens do to impress females?

A

Make a bunch of dummy nests.

More dummy nests = more laaadiiiessss

72
Q

Male bass and bluegill sunfish also offer nests to the females. What weird evolutionary adaptation to their species have?

A

Three forms of males!! Two are satellite males

73
Q

When males attempt to guarantee their paternity what is this called?

A

Contact guarding

74
Q

What do dragonflies do to guarantee paternity? What is this position called?

A

Claspers and hold onto the female until she lays her eggs. Position is called the wheel.

75
Q

Mating over a couple days is called ___ ____ and is a form of contact guarding. What animal does this?

A

Long Copulations

Walking Sticks use their claspers and latch onto the female for 2-3 days

76
Q

What is a copulatory plug

A

prevents other males from mating

77
Q

Examples of copulatory plugs.

A 
headless sperm (beetles) 
Giant Sperm (featherwing beetles)
Cement plug (mosquitos) 
Their own bodies (honeybees)
78
Q

What do mosquitos also ejaculate with sperm

A

anti-aphrodisiacs to turn off other males

BIOL 1902 - Natural History (22 decks)

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